Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frijaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“beloved”). The original meaning was probably something like “from one's own clan”, from which a meaning “being a free man, not a serf” developed.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸri.jɑz/

Adjective

*frijaz

free

Inflection

Declension of *frijaz (ja-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*frijaz	*frijō	friją, -at(ō)	*frijai	*frijôz	*frijō
accusative	*frijanǭ	*frijǭ	friją, -at(ō)	*frijanz	*frijōz	*frijō
genitive	frijas, frīs	*frijaizōz	frijas, frīs	*frijaizǫ̂	*frijaizǫ̂	*frijaizǫ̂
dative	*frijammai	*frijaizōi	*frijammai	*frijaimaz	*frijaimaz	*frijaimaz
instrumental	*frijanō	*frijaizō	*frijanō	*frijaimiz	*frijaimiz	*frijaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*frijô	*frijǭ	*frijô	*frijaniz	*frijōniz	*frijōnō
accusative	*frijanų	*frijōnų	*frijô	*frijanunz	*frijōnunz	*frijōnō
genitive	*frīniz	*frijōniz	*frīniz	*frijanǫ̂	*frijōnǫ̂	*frijanǫ̂
dative	*frīni	*frijōni	*frīni	*frijammaz	*frijōmaz	*frijammaz
instrumental	*frīnē	*frijōnē	*frīnē	*frijammiz	*frijōmiz	*frijammiz

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *frī
- Old English: frēo, frīo, freoh, frioh, friġ, frī, frȳ
  - Middle English: fre, vri, vry
    - English: free
      - → Fiji Hindi: firii
    - Scots: fre
- Old Frisian: frī
  - Saterland Frisian: fräi
  - West Frisian: frij
- Old Saxon: frī
  - Middle Low German: vri, vrîg
    - Low German: fri, free, frigg
    - → Danish: fri
    - → Estonian: prii
    - → Faroese: fríur
    - → Latvian: brīvs
    - → Livonian: brī
    - → Norwegian: fri
    - → Swedish: fri
- Old Dutch: frī
  - Middle Dutch: vri
    - Dutch: vrij
      - Afrikaans: vry
      - Negerhollands: vri, vrie, fri
      - → Aukan: felei
      - → Caribbean Javanese: frèi, prèi, pré
      - → Indonesian: prei (“holiday, free, doing nothing”)
      - → Javanese: ꦥꦿꦺꦲꦶ (prèi)
      - → Peranakan Indonesian: vry
      - → Sundanese: peré
- Old High German: frī
  - Middle High German: vrī
    - German: frei
    - Luxembourgish: fräi
    - Vilamovian: frȧj
    - Yiddish: פֿרײַ (fray)
Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (freis)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fri(j)a-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 155

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fri(j)a-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 155

[1]