Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaldāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From *kaldaz (“cold”) +‎ *-āną.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑl.dɑː.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*kaldāną^[1]

to become cold

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *kaldāną (weak class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kaldō	?	—	?	?
2nd singular	*kaldaisi	?	*kaldai	*kaldāsai	?
3rd singular	*kaldaiþi	?	*kaldāþau	*kaldāþai	?
1st dual	*kaldōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kaldāþiz	?	*kaldāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*kaldāmaz	?	—	*kaldānþai	?
2nd plural	*kaldaiþ	?	*kaldaiþ	*kaldānþai	?
3rd plural	*kaldānþi	?	*kaldānþau	*kaldānþai	?

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kaldadǭ	*kaldadēdį̄
2nd singular	*kaldadēz	*kaldadēdīz
3rd singular	*kaldadē	*kaldadēdī
1st dual	*kaldadēdū	*kaldadēdīw
2nd dual	*kaldadēdudiz	*kaldadēdīdiz
1st plural	*kaldadēdum	*kaldadēdīm
2nd plural	*kaldadēdud	*kaldadēdīd
3rd plural	*kaldadēdun	*kaldadēdīn

	present	past
participles	*kaldāndz	*kaldadaz

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *kaldēn
- Old English: cealdian
- Old High German: kaltēn
Old Norse: kalda
- Icelandic: kalda

References edit

^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*kaldēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 209

[1] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*kaldēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 209

[1]