Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaldaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From the original past participle of *kalaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel-.^[1] Diachronically from Proto-Indo-European *goltós.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑl.dɑz/

Adjective

*kaldaz

cold
Antonyms: *warmaz, *haitaz

Inflection

Declension of *kaldaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kaldaz	*kaldō	*kaldą, -atō	*kaldai	*kaldôz	*kaldō
accusative	*kaldanǭ	*kaldǭ	*kaldą, -atō	*kaldanz	*kaldōz	*kaldō
genitive	*kaldas, -is	*kaldaizōz	*kaldas, -is	*kaldaizǫ̂	*kaldaizǫ̂	*kaldaizǫ̂
dative	*kaldammai	*kaldaizōi	*kaldammai	*kaldaimaz	*kaldaimaz	*kaldaimaz
instrumental	*kaldanō	*kaldaizō	*kaldanō	*kaldaimiz	*kaldaimiz	*kaldaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kaldô	*kaldǭ	*kaldô	*kaldaniz	*kaldōniz	*kaldōnō
accusative	*kaldanų	*kaldōnų	*kaldô	*kaldanunz	*kaldōnunz	*kaldōnō
genitive	*kaldiniz	*kaldōniz	*kaldiniz	*kaldanǫ̂	*kaldōnǫ̂	*kaldanǫ̂
dative	*kaldini	*kaldōni	*kaldini	*kaldammaz	*kaldōmaz	*kaldammaz
instrumental	*kaldinē	*kaldōnē	*kaldinē	*kaldammiz	*kaldōmiz	*kaldammiz

Derived terms

*kaldāną
*kaldį̄
- Middle Dutch: kelde ⇒ coude (see there for further descendants)
- Old High German: kaltī (see there for further descendants)
*kaldijǭ

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kald
- Old English: ċeald, cald — Anglian
  - Middle English: cold, cald, chald, cheald, cheld, coold
    - English: cold
    - Geordie English: cawd, cauld
    - Scots: cald, cauld
    - Yola: coale, khoal, cole
- Old Frisian: kald
  - Saterland Frisian: koold
  - West Frisian: kâld
- Old Saxon: kald
  - Middle Low German: kolt
    - Low German: kold
      - German Low German: kold, kol, koll, kolt, koolt, koold
      - Westphalian:
        Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: käult
        Lippisch: kault
        Sauerländisch: kàld
        Westmünsterländisch: kold
    - Plautdietsch: kolt
- Old Dutch: *kald, *kold (in toponyms)
  - Middle Dutch: cout, calt
    - Dutch: koud
      - Afrikaans: koud
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: kautu
      - Negerhollands: koud, koude, kout, kot, kou
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: kout
      - → Kwinti: kowru
      - → Saramaccan: koto
    - Limburgish: kaad
    - West Flemish: koed, kod
- Old High German: kalt
  - Middle High German: kalt
    - Alemannic German: chalt
      Walser: chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte
    - Bavarian: ckolt, kholt, kòlt, koid, kålt (Southern Bavarian, Carinthia, Tyrol), ckolt (Timau), kholt (Sauris), kòlt (Sappada)
      Cimbrian: kalt, khalt (Luserna, Sette Comuni)
      Mòcheno: khòlt, kòlt
    - Central Franconian: kalt
    - German: kalt
    - Luxembourgish: kal
    - Pennsylvania German: kalt
    - Vilamovian: kāłt
    - Yiddish: קאַלט (kalt)
Old Norse: kaldr
- Icelandic: kaldur
- Faroese: kaldur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: kald; (dialectal) kald’u, kald’e
- Norwegian Bokmål: kald
- Elfdalian: kold
- Old Swedish: kalder, kaller
  - Swedish: kall
- Old Danish: kald
  - Danish: kold
    - Norwegian Bokmål: kold (Riksmål)
- Gutnish: kaldar
Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kalda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 278

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kalda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 278

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