Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sunþraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ún-teros, from *sóh₂w-l̥ ~ *sh₂w-én-s (“the sun”) +‎ *-teros (directional suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsun.θrɑz/

Adjective

*sunþraz (comparative *sunþrizô, superlative *sunþristaz)

1. south, southern

Inflection

Declension of *sunþraz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sunþraz	*sunþrai	*sunþrō	*sunþrôz	*sunþrą, -atō	*sunþrō
Accusative	*sunþranǭ	*sunþranz	*sunþrǭ	*sunþrōz	*sunþrą, -atō	*sunþrō
Genitive	*sunþras, -is	*sunþraizǫ̂	*sunþraizōz	*sunþraizǫ̂	*sunþras, -is	*sunþraizǫ̂
Dative	*sunþrammai	*sunþraimaz	*sunþraizōi	*sunþraimaz	*sunþrammai	*sunþraimaz
Instrumental	*sunþranō	*sunþraimiz	*sunþraizō	*sunþraimiz	*sunþranō	*sunþraimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sunþrô	*sunþraniz	*sunþrǭ	*sunþrōniz	*sunþrô	*sunþrōnō
Accusative	*sunþranų	*sunþranunz	*sunþrōnų	*sunþrōnunz	*sunþrô	*sunþrōnō
Genitive	*sunþriniz	*sunþranǫ̂	*sunþrōniz	*sunþrōnǫ̂	*sunþriniz	*sunþranǫ̂
Dative	*sunþrini	*sunþrammaz	*sunþrōni	*sunþrōmaz	*sunþrini	*sunþrammaz
Instrumental	*sunþrinē	*sunþrammiz	*sunþrōnē	*sunþrōmiz	*sunþrinē	*sunþrammiz

Derived terms

• *sunþanē
• *sunþrą
• *sunþrōnijaz

Coordinate terms

(compass points)

	*nurþraz
*westraz		*austraz
	*sunþraz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *sunþr
  • Old English: sūþ
    • Middle English: south, souþ, suþ, sowth, suthe, souþe, suth, souht, zouth (Kent)
      • English: south
      • Scots: sooth
      • Yola: zouth
    • → Old French: sud, su
      • Middle French: sud
        • French: sud
  • Old Frisian: *sūther
    • West Frisian: suder, súd
  • Old Saxon: *sūthar
    • Middle Low German: sǖder, suder
  • Old High German: sundar
    • Middle High German: sunder

Adverb

*sunþraz (comparative *sunþrōz, superlative *sunþrōst)

1. south, southward

Descendants

• Old English: sūþ
  • English: south
• Old Saxon: sūthar
• Old High German: *sundar
  • Middle High German: sunder
• Old Norse: suðr, sunnr
  • Icelandic: suður
  • Faroese: suður
  • Norn: sud
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: sud, sør
  • Norwegian Bokmål: sør
  • Old Swedish: sudher
    • Swedish: söder, syd (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
  • Danish: syd
    • Norwegian Bokmål: syd
  • Gutnish: sudar, sudur

References

• Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN