Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)h₁es-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*es-^[1]
*h₁es-^[2]
*ses-^[3]
*sh₁es-^[4]

Etymology edit

Reanalyzed root from *sh₁es ~ *sh₁s-o-s (“sowing”), from *seh₁- (“to sow”).^[4]^[3]^[5]^[6]

Root edit

*(s)h₁es-

harvest, crop, fruit

Derived terms edit

*(s)h₁es-ó-s^[4]^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasás (“corn, grass, herb”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasás
    - Sanskrit: सस (sasá)
      - Magadhi Prakrit:
        Assamese: সাহ (xah, “crops”)
        Odia: ସସ (sôsô, “kernel”)
  ^[8]^[7]^[9]^[4]
*(s)h₁és-ō ~ *(s)h₁s-nés^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *asenis^[1], *esenis f (“autumn”)^[10]^[1] (alternation perhaps due to "Rozwadowski's rule")
  - Old Prussian: assanis
  - Sudovian: asenis
  - Proto-Slavic: *(j)esenь (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *azaniz f (“harvest-time; summer”)^[11]^[12] (see there for further descendants)
*(s)h₁os-néh₂^[13]
- Proto-Germanic: *asnō (“harvest, earning, wage”)^[12]^[11](see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *osnā (perhaps)
  - Proto-Italic: *atnosnā (+ *atnos (“year”) (whence annus))
    - Latin: annōna (“produce, supply, food, corn”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)h₁és-n-u-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sásnuš
  - Proto-Iranian: *háhnuš
    - Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬱 (haŋhuš, “harvest, fruit; benefit, profit”)
*(s)h₁ós-r̥ ~ *(s)h₁és-n̥s^[1]^[2]
- Proto-Armenian: *(h)o(h)ár-a-^[14]
  - Old Armenian: ար-ա-ց (ar-a-cʻ) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *asunz (“day-laborer”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *(h)ohər^[15]
  - ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *opohərā^[2] (contracted from *opi(h)ohərā, + *opi- (related to Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-), from *h₁epi (“on, at”))^[15]
    - Ancient Greek: ὀπώρα (opṓra, “end of the summer, start of autumn; harvest, fruit”), ὀπώρη (opṓrē); ὀπάρα (opára); ὁπώρα (hopṓra)
*(s)h₁s-yó-s^[6]^[16]
- Proto-Celtic: *sasyos (“barley”)^[6]^[3] (see there for further descendants)

Extended forms

*(s)h₁es-dʰh₁-^[4]^[3]^[5]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠šešd-⁠/, “to grow”)

Unsorted forms

Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒀭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-an-na-aš), 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-na-aš, “fruit (tree), harvest, crop”)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: աշուն (ašun, “autumn”)^[17] (see there for further descendants)
→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *kesä (“summer”)^[18]
- Proto-Finnic: *kesä (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Samic: *keasē (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Mordvinic: *kizə (see there for further descendants)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “es-en-, os-en-, -er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 343
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*h₁es-en-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 300
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*sesT-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 537
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Lubotsky, A.M. (1989) “Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a”, in Vennemann, Th., editor, The New Sound of Indo-European, Essays in Phonological Reconstruction‎^[1], Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Eichner, Heiner (1982) “Zur hethitischen Etymologie (1. ištark- und ištarnink-; 2. ark-; 3. šešd-)”, in E. Neu, editor, Investigationes philologicae et comparativae: Gedenkschrift für Heinz Kronasser, Wiesbaden
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*sasyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 323
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “sasá”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “sasá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 717
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*haha-, *hahi̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 320-321
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “assanis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*azani-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*az(a)niz ~ *asaniz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 31
^ Kroonen, Guus Jann (2009) Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems (PhD thesis)‎^[4], Leiden: Leiden University
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2013) “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎^[5], number 10, page 110
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page οπώρα of 1094-1095
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “sasi̯o-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 880
^ Horák, Robin (2015) Sémantická motivace názvů ročních období v indoevropských jazycích [Semantic motivation of names seasons in Indo-European languages]‎^[6]
^ Koivulehto, Jorma (1991) Uralische Evidenz für die Laryngaltheorie (Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; 556) (in German), Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, →ISBN

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “es-en-, os-en-, -er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 343

[Mallory-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*h₁es-en-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 300

[LIV-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*sesT-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 537

[Lubotsky-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Lubotsky, A.M. (1989) “Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a”, in Vennemann, Th., editor, The New Sound of Indo-European, Essays in Phonological Reconstruction‎^[1], Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter

[Eichner-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Eichner, Heiner (1982) “Zur hethitischen Etymologie (1. ištark- und ištarnink-; 2. ark-; 3. šešd-)”, in E. Neu, editor, Investigationes philologicae et comparativae: Gedenkschrift für Heinz Kronasser, Wiesbaden

[EDPC-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*sasyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 323

[IAIL-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “sasá”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[EWAia-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “sasá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 717

[ESIJa-9] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*haha-, *hahi̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 320-321

[Derksen-10] Derksen, Rick (2015) “assanis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555

[EDPG-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*azani-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46

[HGE-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*az(a)niz ~ *asaniz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 31

[13] Kroonen, Guus Jann (2009) Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems (PhD thesis)‎^[4], Leiden: Leiden University

[14] Martirosyan, Hrach (2013) “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎^[5], number 10, page 110

[Beekes-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page οπώρα of 1094-1095

[16] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “sasi̯o-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 880

[17] Horák, Robin (2015) Sémantická motivace názvů ročních období v indoevropských jazycích [Semantic motivation of names seasons in Indo-European languages]‎^[6]

[18] Koivulehto, Jorma (1991) Uralische Evidenz für die Laryngaltheorie (Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; 556) (in German), Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, →ISBN

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