Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dyḗws

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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*Dyēus

Wikipedia

Etymology

From earlier *dyéws,^[1] from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) +‎ *-s (root nominal suffix).

Noun

*dyḗws m (oblique stem diw-)

sky, heaven
sky god, Dyeus

Inflection

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*dyḗws
genitive	*diwés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dyḗws	*dyéwh₁(e)	*dyéwes
vocative	*dyéw	*dyéwh₁(e)	*dyéwes
accusative	*dyḗm	*dyéwh₁(e)	*dyéwm̥s
genitive	*diwés	*?	*diwóHom
ablative	*diwés	*?	*diwmós
dative	*diwéy	*?	*diwmós
locative	dyéw, dyéwi	*?	*diwsú
instrumental	*diwéh₁	*?	*diwmís

Notes:

Acc. sg. dyḗm (< *dyéw-m per Stang's law).
Nom. sg. dyḗws (with ē from acc. case).
For the name of the deity, *ph₂tḗr (“father”) is often added as an apposition, which inflects as well.

Compare with the attested Sanskrit forms

द्यौः (dyáuḥ, nom.sg.)
द्यौः (dyàuḥ, voc.sg.)
द्याम् (dyā́m) / दिवम् (dívam, acc.sg.)
दिवा (divā́) / दीवा (dīvā, instr.sg.)
दिवे (dive) / द्यवे (dyave, dat.sg.)
दिवः (diváḥ) / द्योः (dyóḥ, abl/gen.sg.)
दिवि (diví) / द्यवि (dyávi, loc.sg.)
द्यावा (dyāvā, nom.du.)
द्यावः (dyā́vaḥ) / दिवः (divaḥ, nom.pl.)
द्यून् (dyū́n) / दिवः (dívaḥ) / दिवः (diváḥ, acc.pl.)
द्युभिस् (dyúbhis, instr.pl.))

Usage notes

Some authors gloss this word as “day sky” or “day-sky god”, assuming (based on Indo-European mythology) that Proto-Indo-European distinguished terms for the night sky and its associated deity.^[2]

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒌑𒍑 (ši-i-ú-uš)
- >? Urartian: 𒀭𒅆𒄿𒌑𒄿𒉌 (^dši-i-u₂-i-ni).
Proto-Armenian: *tiw-
- Old Armenian: տիւ (tiw)
Proto-Hellenic: *Dzéus (“sky god, Zeus”) (see there for further descendants)
Albanian: Zojz
Messapic: Zis
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *djous (see there for further descendants)
Lusitanian:
- →? Latin: *Reus
  - Latin: Reo (“Lusitanian theonym”, dative singular)
→ English: Dyeus

Derived terms

*dyḗws-ph₂tḗr
- Proto-Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)
  - Ancient Greek: Ζεῦ πάτερ (Zeû páter)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš-pHtā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyā́wṣ-pHtā́
    - Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौष्पितृ (dyáuṣ-pitṛ́)
- Proto-Italic: *djous patēr (see there for further descendants)
*dyḗws-átta
- >? Proto-Albanian: *dźie̅u ̊ a(t)t-
  - Albanian: zot^[3]

References

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 337
^ Calin, Didier (2017) “sky (/skies)”, in Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes (Linguistique; 3), Les Cent Chemins, →ISBN, page 205: “DAY SKY GOD — as opposed to the Night Sky God”; cf. s.v. “Night Sky god”, pp. 165–167
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 431-2

[1] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 337

[2] Calin, Didier (2017) “sky (/skies)”, in Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes (Linguistique; 3), Les Cent Chemins, →ISBN, page 205: “DAY SKY GOD — as opposed to the Night Sky God”; cf. s.v. “Night Sky god”, pp. 165–167

[3] Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 431-2

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