Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*h₂erHdʰ-^[1]

Etymology edit

Possibly reanalyzed root of *h₃er- (“to rise”) +‎ *-dʰh₁eti (resultative verbal suffix).^[2]

Root edit

*h₃erdʰ-^[1]

to increase, grow
upright, high

Derived terms edit

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erdʰ-‎ (19 c, 0 e)

*h₃erdʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: *ārtk-^[3]
*h₃r̥dʰ-néw-ti (nu-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰnáwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰnáwti
    - Sanskrit: ऋध्नोति (ṛdhnóti)
*h₃r̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰyáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰyáti
    - Sanskrit: ऋध्यति (ṛdhyáti)
*h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃érdʰ-éw-s^[2]^[4]
- *h₃érdʰu-ko-s^[2]
  - Proto-Germanic: *ardugaz^[2] (see there for further descendants)
*h₃r̥dʰ-ō-s^[5]
- Proto-Italic: *arðōs^[5]
  - Latin: arbor, arbōs (see there for further descendants)
*h₃ŕ̥dʰ-tis
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥dᶻdʰiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥ddʰiṣ
    - Sanskrit: ऋद्धि (ṛ́ddhi) (see there for further descendants)
*h₃r̥dʰ-tós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dᶻdʰás (“increased, thriving”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ddʰás
    - Sanskrit: ऋद्ध (ṛddhá)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: समृद्ध (sámṛddha)
*h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s^[1]^[2]^[6]^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Celtic: *ardwos (“high”)^[9]^[6]
  - Old Irish: ard
    - Irish: ard
    - Scottish Gaelic: àrd
  - Breton: arz
  - Cornish: arth
  - Welsh: ardd (“high; hill”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰwós
  - Ancient Greek: ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀵𐀺- (o-to-wo-), 𐀃𐀶𐀺- (o-tu-wo-), 𐀃𐁍𐀺- (o-two-wo- /⁠ortʰwo-⁠/)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”)^[8] (see there for further descendants) (< laryngeal metathesis *r̥h₃dʰ-wó-s)
- Proto-Italic: *arðwos^[6]
  - Latin: arduus (“lofty, high, steep”)
*h₃erdʰ-ro-
- Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰros
  - Ancient Greek: ὄρθρος (órthros)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *orstъ (“growth”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (harduppi)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: orto

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “er(ə)d- (ₑr(ə)d-), er(ə)dh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 339
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*arduga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 33-34
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “artkiye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 25
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 292
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “arbor, -oris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “arduus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “όρθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1101
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “іrdhvá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ardwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 40-41

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “er(ə)d- (ₑr(ə)d-), er(ə)dh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 339

[Kroonen-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*arduga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 33-34

[3] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “artkiye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 25

[4] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 292

[DeVaan_arbor-5] 5.0 ^5.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “arbor, -oris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50

[DeVaan_arduus-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “arduus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “όρθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1101

[IAIL-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “іrdhvá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[9] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ardwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 40-41

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