arduus

Latin

Etymology

From a Proto-Italic *arðwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-wós (whence Latin -uus). Cognate with Latin arbor (“tree”), Welsh ardd (“high; hill”), Old Irish ard (“high; height”), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”), Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈar.du.us/, [ˈärd̪uʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈar.du.us/, [ˈärd̪uːs]

Adjective

arduus (feminine ardua, neuter arduum); first/second-declension adjective

1. lofty, high, steep, tall, elevated
2. hard to reach, difficult, laborious, arduous

   Nihil mortalibus ardui est.

   Nothing is hard for mortals. (Horace)

Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

Number	Singular				Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	arduus	ardua	arduum		arduī	arduae	ardua
Genitive	arduī	arduae	arduī		arduōrum	arduārum	arduōrum
Dative	arduō		arduō		arduīs
Accusative	arduum	arduam	arduum		arduōs	arduās	ardua
Ablative	arduō	arduā	arduō		arduīs
Vocative	ardue	ardua	arduum		arduī	arduae	ardua

Derived terms

• arduitās
• perarduus

Descendants

• Catalan: ardu
• English: arduous
• French: ardu
• Galician: arduo, ardego
• Italian: arduo
• Portuguese: árduo
• Spanish: arduo

References

• “arduus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “arduus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• arduus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.