Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰrúkš

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Leveled from earlier *dʰráwkš ~ *dʰruǰʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”) +‎ *-s.

Noun

*dʰrúkš f

1. lie, falsehood, deceit
2. injury, harm

Inflection

consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dʰrúkš	*dʰrúkš	*dʰrúkš
vocative	*dʰrúǰʰ	*dʰrúkš	*dʰrúkš
accusative	*dʰrúǰʰám	*dʰrúkš	*dʰrúkš
instrumental	*dʰrúǰʰáH	*dʰrúgbʰyaH	*dʰrúgbʰiš
ablative	*dʰrúǰʰás	*dʰrúgbʰyaH	*dʰrúgbʰyaH
dative	*dʰrúǰʰáy	*dʰrúgbʰyaH	*dʰrúgbʰyaH
genitive	*dʰrúǰʰás	*dʰrúǰʰáwš	*dʰrúǰʰām
locative	*dʰrúǰʰí	*dʰrúǰʰáwš	*dʰrúkšu

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰrúk ~ *druźʰás
  • Sanskrit: द्रुह् (drúh), ध्रुक् (dhrúk, nom.sg)
• Proto-Iranian: *drúxš ~ *druǰáh
  • Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱 (druxš, nom.sg), 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋 (drujō, gen.abl.sg)
    • → English: druj
  • Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱 (druxš, nom.sg), 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬆𐬨 (drujəm, acc.sg), 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋 (drujō, gen.abl.sg; nom.pl), 𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬄𐬨 (adružąm, gen.pl)
    • → Middle Persian: (/⁠druz, druxš⁠/, “demon; she-demon (in Manichaean)”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢 (drwxš) (Only in Manichaean texts)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwc')

      Pazend script: 𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲 (drūž)

      • Classical Persian: درج (duruǰ, “demone”) (Only in Zoroastrian texts)

        Iranian Persian: دروج (dorūǰ, “Druj”)

    • → Parthian: (/⁠drōž ~ druž, druxš⁠/, “demon; she-demon (in Manichaean)”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋 (drwj), 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢 (drwxš)

    Central Kurdish: درنج (dirinc, “demon, demone; monster”)