Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kľuti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

An archaic proto-form of *kolti (“to stab”) +‎ *-uti, reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *kljautei, from Proto-Indo-European *klewh₂-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, to stab”). Survives only in Bulgarian and Macedonian. Other languages reflect the doublet *kľьvati, with an identical meaning. Cognate with Lithuanian kliū́ti (“to cleave”) and Latvian kļūt (“to become”).

The surviving descendants exhibit depalatalized root vowel, however, the original was most likely with a soft root vowel, i.e. *kľuti.

Verb

*kľuti impf (perfective *kľunǫti)

1. to peck, to prickle
2. to bite

Alternative forms

• *kľьvati
• *kľuvati (inflects in the same way as *kľьvati)

Inflection

Depalatalized variant, reflected in Bulgarian and Macedonian:

Conjugation of *kluti, *klьva, *klьvetь (impf., -a/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Suffix: *-ati

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*klьvanьje	*kluti	*klutъ	*klьvalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*klьvanъ	*klьvomъ
Active	*klьvavъ	*klьvy

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*klьvaxъ	*klьva	*klьva	*klьvǫ	*klьveši	*klьvetь
Dual	*klьvaxově	*klьvasta	*klьvaste	*klьvevě	*klьveta	*klьvete
Plural	*klьvaxomъ	*klьvaste	*klьvašę	*klьvemъ	*klьvete	*klьvǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*klьvaaxъ	*klьvaaše	*klьvaaše	—	*klьvi	*klьvi
Dual	*klьvaaxově	*klьvaašeta	*klьvaašete	*klьvěvě	*klьvěta	—
Plural	*klьvaaxomъ	*klьvaašete	*klьvaaxǫ	*klьvěmъ	*klьvěte	—

Later reanalyzed inflection:

Conjugation of *kľьvati, *kľьva, *kľujetь (impf., -a/V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Suffix: *-ati

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kľьvanьje	*kľьvati	*kľьvatъ	*kľьvalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kľьvanъ	*kľujemъ
Active	*kľьvavъ	*kľuję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kľьvaxъ	*kľьva	*kľьva	*kľujǫ	*kľuješi	*kľujetь
Dual	*kľьvaxově	*kľьvasta	*kľьvaste	*kľujevě	*kľujeta	*kľujete
Plural	*kľьvaxomъ	*kľьvaste	*kľьvašę	*kľujemъ	*kľujete	*kľujǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kľьvaaxъ	*kľьvaaše	*kľьvaaše	—	*kľuji	*kľuji
Dual	*kľьvaaxově	*kľьvaašeta	*kľьvaašete	*kľujivě	*kľujita	—
Plural	*kľьvaaxomъ	*kľьvaašete	*kľьvaaxǫ	*kľujimъ	*kľujite	—

Related terms

• *kolti (“to stab, to slaugther”)
• *koltiti (“to shake”)
• *klęti (“to curse”)
• *kolъ (“stake”)
• *kъlъ, *kъlykъ (“fang, tusk”)

Derived terms

• *kleveta (“slander, calumny”)
• *klьvačь (“woodpecker”)
• *klьvьcь (“pecker, chisel”)
• *kľuvъ (“beak”) (in East Slavic)
• *kľunъ (“beak”) (in South Slavic)
• *kľusa (“trap”)
• *kľučь (“key”)
• *kľuka (“hook”)
• *klupa (“bench”)
• *kľuta (“lump, clod”)

Descendants

From *kluti:

• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: кълва́ (kǎlvá)
  • Macedonian: колва (kolva)

From *kľьvati:

• East Slavic:
  • Russian: клева́ть (klevátʹ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: кльвати (klĭvati)
    • Bulgarian: клю́вам (kljúvam) (dialectal)
  • Slovene: kljeváti (archaic)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: klvati (“to peck”)
    • Czech: klvati (obsolete), klíti (obsolete), klovat (“to peck”), klobat (uncommon), klubat se (“to hatch”)
  • Polish: klwać (dialectal)

From *kľuvati:

• East Slavic:
  • Belarusian: клюва́ць (kljuvácʹ)
  • Ukrainian: клюва́ти (kljuváty)
• South Slavic:
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: кљу̏вати

    Latin script: kljȕvati

  • Slovene: kljuváti (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Polish: kłuć (only the infinitive reflects *kluti, inflects as *kľuvati); Polish: kluć
  • Slovak: kľuvať
  • Sorbian:

    Upper Sorbian: kluwać

    Lower Sorbian: kluwaś

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “клевать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*klьvati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 10 (*klepačь – *konь), Moscow: Nauka, page 82
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “кълва”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 189