Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sǫdi

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *som-dʰh₁-ih₂, from *som- + *dʰeh₁- + *-ih₂. Cognate with Lithuanian samdà (“rent”), samdýti (“to hire”), Sanskrit सम्धि (samdhí, “connection, treaty, peace”).

Reconstruction

Per Derksen, *sǫdì already had word-final accent before the operation of Dybo's law (*sǫ- still behaved as a prefix) and hence *sǫ- remained short. Russian судья́ (sudʹjá) reflects *sǫdьjà from earlier *sǫdь̀ja by Dybo's law.

Noun

*sǫdì m

1. judge

Inflection

Declension of *sǫdь̀ja (ī-stem, accent paradigm b)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*sǫdь̀ja	*sǫdь̀ji	*sǫdь̀ję̇
Accusative	*sǫdь̀jǫ	*sǫdь̀ji	*sǫdь̀ję̇
Genitive	*sǫdь̀ję̇	*sǫdь̀ju	*sǫdь̀jь
Locative	*sǫdь̀ji	*sǫdь̀ju	*sǫdь̀jasъ, *sǫdь̀jaxъ*
Dative	*sǫdь̀ji	*sǫdь̀jama	*sǫdь̀jamъ
Instrumental	*sǫdь̀jejǫ, *sǫdь̀jǫ**	*sǫdь̀jama	*sǫdь̀jamī
Vocative	*sǫdьje	*sǫdь̀ji	*sǫdь̀ję̇

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Alternative forms

• *sǫdьji (Chernykh)

Derived terms

• *sǭdìti (“to judge”)

Related terms

• *sǫ̃dъ (“court of law, trial, judgment”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: сꙋди (sudi), сꙋдии (sudij), сꙋдиꙗ (sudija)
    • Belarusian: суддзя́ (suddzjá), судзьдзя́ (sudzʹdzjá)
    • Russian: судья́ (sudʹjá)
    • Ukrainian: суддя́ (suddjá)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: сѫди (sǫdi), сѫдии (sǫdij)

    Glagolitic: [Term?]

  • Bulgarian: съдия́ (sǎdijá)
  • Macedonian: судија (sudija)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: су̀дија

    Latin: sùdija

  • Slovene: sọ́dij, sọ́dja (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: sudí
  • Polish: sędzia

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “судья́”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
• Chernykh, Pavel (1999), “суд”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russian Language, page 216
• Šanskij, N. M. (2004), “судья́”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa