Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/svoboda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative forms

*sveboda, *svěboda

Etymology

PIE word
*swé

From *svobь, from Proto-Indo-European *swo-bʰo-/*swe-bʰo- (synchronically derived from *svojь), + *-oda. Same extension in Latvian atsvabināt (“to free”), Old Prussian subs, Proto-Germanic *swēbaz m, *sibjō f, Latin Sabīnī, Sabellī, Samnium. For the suffix cf. *agoda.

Noun

*svobodà f

freedom

Inflection

Declension of *svobodà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*svobodà	*svȍbodě	*svȍbody
genitive	*svobodý	*svobodù	*svobòdъ
dative	*svobodě̀	*svobodàma	*svobodàmъ
accusative	*svȍbodǫ	*svȍbodě	*svȍbody
instrumental	*svobodojǫ́	*svobodàma	*svobodàmi
locative	*svȍbodě	*svobodù	svobodàsъ, svobodàxъ^*
vocative	*svobodo	*svȍbodě	*svȍbody

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.

Declension of *svobodà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*svobodà	*svobòdě	*svobodỳ
genitive	*svobodỳ	*svobodù	*svobòdъ
dative	*svobodě̀	*svobodàma	*svobodàmъ
accusative	*svobodǫ̀	*svobòdě	*svobodỳ
instrumental	svobodòjǫ, svobòdǫ^**	*svobodàma	*svobodàmī
locative	*svobodě̀	*svobodù	svobodàsъ, svobodàxъ^*
vocative	*svobodo	*svobòdě	*svobodỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

Related terms

*svojь, *sebě, *sobojǫ
*sobь, *soba, *sobьstvo, *sobiti, *osobiti
*svěně
*svьstь/*svěstь, *svatъ, *posětiti

Descendants

Some forms feature dissimilation u̯…b > l…b.

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: свобода (svoboda), слобода (sloboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
  - Belarusian: свабо́да (svabóda), слабада́ (slabadá, “a type of settlement”)
  - Russian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобода́ (slobodá)
  - Ukrainian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобода́ (slobodá)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: свобода (svoboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
- Bulgarian: свобода́ (svobodá)
- Macedonian: сло́бода (slóboda)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: слобо̀да, свобо̀да
  
  Latin script: slobòda, svobòda
- Slovene: svobóda, slobóda, svobọ̑d f, slobọ̑d f
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: svoboda
  - Czech: svoboda
    - Moravian (Mistřice): su̯oboda
- Old Polish: świeboda
- Slovak: sloboda
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: swoboda
  - Lower Sorbian: swoboda

Non-Slavic:
- → Estonian: vaba
- → Finnish: vapaa
- → Ingrian: vappaa
- → Latvian: svabads
- → Hungarian: szabad (“free, allowed”)
- → Romanian: slobod (“free”, adj.)

References

Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “свобода”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 148
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “свобода”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “слобода”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Oleg Trubačóv (1959), История славянских терминов родства, page 170f
August Ahlqvist (1894) August Ahlqvist's Wogulische sprachtexte nebst Entwurf einer wogulischen grammatik aus dem nachlasse des verfassers hrsg, page 36
Vladimir Žuravljóv (1982) Внешние и внутренние факторы языковой эволюции, page 167, page 166
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “sebjō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429