Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/svoboda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative forms

• *sveboda, *svěboda (Polish, ..?)

Etymology

PIE word
*swé

From *svobъ (“self-dependent”) +‎ *-oda, from Proto-Indo-European *swo-bʰo-/*swe-bʰo-. Same extension in Latvian atsvabināt (“to free”), Old Prussian subs, Proto-Germanic *swēbaz m, *sibjō f, Latin Sabīnī, Sabellī, Samnium, Sanskrit स्व f (sva).

Noun

*svoboda f

1. freedom

Inflection

Declension of *svoboda (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*svoboda	*svobodě	*svobody
Accusative	*svobodǫ	*svobodě	*svobody
Genitive	*svobody	*svobodu	*svobodъ
Locative	*svobodě	*svobodu	*svobodasъ, *svobodaxъ*
Dative	*svobodě	*svobodama	*svobodamъ
Instrumental	*svobodojǫ, *svobodǫ**	*svobodama	*svobodami
Vocative	*svobodo	*svobodě	*svobody

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *svobodьnъ
• *svoboditi

Related terms

• *svojь, *sebě, *sobojǫ
• *sobь, *soba, *sobьstvo, *sobiti, *osobiti
• *svěně
• *svьstь/*svěstь, *svatъ, *posětiti

Descendants

Some forms feature dissimilation u̯…b > l…b.

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: свобода (svoboda), слобода (sloboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
    • Belarusian: свабо́да (svabóda), слабада́ (slabadá, “a type of settlement”)
    • Russian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобода́ (slobodá, “a type of settlement”)
    • Ukrainian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобода́ (slobodá, “a type of settlement”)
    • → Latvian: svabads
  • → Estonian: vaba
  • → Finnish: vapaa
  • → Ingrian: vappaa

• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: свобода (svoboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
  • Bulgarian: свобода́ (svobodá)
  • Macedonian: слобода (sloboda)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: слобо̀да, свобо̀да

    Latin: slobòda, svobòda

  • Slovene: svobóda, slobóda, svobọ̑d f, slobọ̑d f
  • → Romanian: slobod (“freedom”)

• West Slavic:
  • Czech: svoboda
  • Old Polish: świeboda, słoboda
    • Polish: swoboda
  • Slovak: sloboda
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: swoboda
    • Lower Sorbian: swoboda

• Other:
  • → Hungarian: szabad (“free, allowed”)

See also

• *voľa
• *sębrъ

References

• Černyx, P. Ja. (1999) , “свобода”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 148
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) , “свобода”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Oleg Trubačóv, Moscow: Progress
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) , “слобода”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Oleg Trubačóv, Moscow: Progress
• Oleg Trubačóv (1959), История славянских терминов родства, page 170f
• August Ahlqvist (1894) August Ahlqvist's Wogulische sprachtexte nebst Entwurf einer wogulischen grammatik aus dem nachlasse des verfassers hrsg, page 36
• Vladimir Žuravljóv (1982) Внешние и внутренние факторы языковой эволюции, page 167, page 166
• Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “sebjō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429