Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/top

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compare Proto-Mongolic *toburugu (“round, convex”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*top

1. round thing, ball

Declension

Declension of *top

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*top
Accusative	*topnï, *topug 4), *topnïg 1)
Genitive	*topnïŋ
Dative	*topka
Locative	*topda
Ablative	*topdan
Allative	*topgaru
Instrumental 2)	*topun
Equative 2)	*topča
Similative 2)	*toplayu
Comitative 2)	*toplugu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• →? Proto-Mongolic: *toburugu
• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: тупӑ (tup̬ă, “ball, cannonball”)

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: top
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: top
    • Ottoman Turkish: طوپ
      • Turkish: top
      • → Albanian: top
      • → Greek: τόπι (tópi)
      • → Macedonian: топ (top)
      • → Middle Armenian: թօփ (tʿōpʿ)
        • Armenian: թոփ (tʿopʿ)
      • → Iraqi Arabic: طوبة (ṭobe)
      • → North Levantine Arabic: طابه (ṭābe)
      • → Ossetian: топп (topp)
      • → Persian: توپ (tup, top)
        • Hindi: तोप (top)
        • Urdu: توپ (top)
      • → Serbo-Croatian:

        Cyrillic script: топ

        Latin script: top

      • → Slovene: top
    • Gagauz: top
  • Turkmen: top
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (top)
    • Uzbek: top
    • Uyghur: توپ (top)
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: туп (tup)
    • Tatar: туп (tup)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: top
    • Kumyk: топ (top)
    • Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (top)
    • Karaim: [script needed] (top)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak: top
      • Kazakh: доп (dop)
      • Nogai: топ (top)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: топ (top)

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*top”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill