Usually read as *us- however Ercilasun argues against this and suggests *os- instead, compare also *osug (“a way of doing something; comparison between two objects; the changing of one object to another”).[1]
If the above is true the homophonous *us (“mind”) is unrelated.
*us- or *os-
- (Common Turkic, transitive) to assume
- (Common Turkic, transitive) to equate
- (Common Turkic, transitive) to change
Conjugation of *us- (Common Turkic)
Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.
| Positive
|
|
|
| infinitive
|
*usmak
|
| participle
|
present
|
*usgan, usugma, usar
|
| past
|
*usduk, usmïš
|
| future
|
*usdačï, usmakčï, ussïk, usačak
|
| verbal noun
|
*usma, usug, usgu
|
| way of doing
|
*usuš
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
2nd person
|
3rd person
|
1st person
|
2nd person
|
3rd person
|
| *ben
|
*sen
|
*ol
|
*biz
|
*siz
|
*olar
|
| indicative
|
aorist
|
*usar ben
|
*usar sen
|
*usar
|
*usar biz
|
*usar siz
|
*usar
|
| past
|
simple
|
*usdum
|
*usduŋ
|
*usdï
|
*usduk, usdumuz
|
*usduŋuz
|
*usdï
|
| inferential
|
*usmïš ben
|
*usmïš sen
|
*usmïš
|
*usmïš biz
|
*usmïš siz
|
*usmïš
|
| future
|
simple
|
*usdačï ben, usmakčï ben, usačak ben
|
*usdačï sen, usmakčï sen, usačak sen
|
*usdačï, usmakčï, usačak
|
*usdačï biz, usmakčï biz, usačak biz
|
*usdačï siz, usmakčï siz, usačak siz
|
*usdačï, usmakčï, usačak
|
| predictive
|
*usgay ben
|
*usgay sen
|
*usgay
|
*usgay biz
|
*usgay siz
|
*usgay
|
| necessitive
|
*ussukum
|
*ussukuŋ
|
*ussuk
|
*ussukumuz
|
*ussukuŋuz
|
*ussuk
|
| conditional
|
*ussam, ussar ben
|
*ussaŋ, ussar sen
|
*ussa, ussar
|
*ussak, ussamïz, ussar biz
|
*ussaŋïz, ussar siz
|
*ussalar, ussar
|
| optative
|
*usgay ben
|
*usgay sen
|
*usgay
|
*usgay biz
|
*usgay siz
|
*usgay
|
| progressive
|
*usmakda ben
|
*usmakda sen
|
*usmakda
|
*usmakda biz
|
*usmakda siz
|
*usmakda
|
| necessitative
|
*usmalïg ben
|
*usmalïg sen
|
*usmalïg
|
*usmalïg biz
|
*usmalïg siz
|
*usmalïg
|
| imperative
|
*usayïn
|
*us, usgïl
|
*uszun
|
*usalïm
|
*usuŋ
|
*uszun
|
|
|
| Negative
|
|
|
| infinitive
|
*usmamak
|
| participle
|
present
|
*usmagan, usmagma, usmaz
|
| past
|
*usmaduk, usmamïš
|
| future
|
*usmačï, usmasïk, usmayačak
|
| verbal noun
|
*usmama, usmag, usmagu
|
| way of doing
|
*usmayuš
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
2nd person
|
3rd person
|
1st person
|
2nd person
|
3rd person
|
| *ben
|
*sen
|
*ol
|
*biz
|
*siz
|
*olar
|
| indicative
|
aorist
|
*usmaz ben
|
*usmaz sen
|
*usmaz
|
*usmaz biz
|
*usmaz siz
|
*usmaz
|
| past
|
simple
|
*usmadum
|
*usmaduŋ
|
*usmadï
|
*usmaduk, usmadumuz
|
*usmaduŋuz
|
*usmadï
|
| inferential
|
*usmamïš ben
|
*usmamïš sen
|
*usmamïš
|
*usmamïš biz
|
*usmamïš siz
|
*usmamïš
|
| future
|
simple
|
*usmačï ben, usmayačak ben
|
*usmačï sen, usmayačak sen
|
*usmačï, usmayačak
|
*usmačï biz, usmayačak biz
|
*usmačï siz, usmayačak siz
|
*usmačï, usmayačak
|
| predictive
|
*usmagay ben
|
*usmagay sen
|
*usmagay
|
*usmagay biz
|
*usmagay siz
|
*usmagay
|
| necessitive
|
*usmasukum
|
*usmasukuŋ
|
*usmasuk
|
*usmasukumuz
|
*usmasukuŋuz
|
*usmasuk
|
| conditional
|
*usmasam, usmasar ben
|
*usmasaŋ, usmasar sen
|
*usmasa, usmasar
|
*usmasak, usmasamïz, usmasar biz
|
*usmasaŋïz, usmasar siz
|
*usmasalar, usmasar
|
| optative
|
*usmagay ben
|
*usmagay sen
|
*usmagay
|
*usmagay biz
|
*usmagay siz
|
*usmagay
|
| progressive
|
*usmamakda ben
|
*usmamakda sen
|
*usmamakda
|
*usmamakda biz
|
*usmamakda siz
|
*usmamakda
|
| necessitative
|
*usmamalïg ben
|
*usmamalïg sen
|
*usmamalïg
|
*usmamalïg biz
|
*usmamalïg siz
|
*usmamalïg
|
| imperative
|
*usmayayïn
|
*usma, usmagïl
|
*usmazun
|
*usmayalïm
|
*usmayïŋ
|
*usmazun
|
- *us (“intellegence”)
- *osug (“way of doing something; comparison; change”)
Räsänen suggets a possible relation with Proto-Mongolic *usun (“water”).[4]
*us-
- (intransitive) to be thirsty
Conjugation of *us- (Common Turkic)
Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.
| Positive
|
|
|
| infinitive
|
*usmak
|
| participle
|
present
|
*usgan, usugma, usar
|
| past
|
*usduk, usmïš
|
| future
|
*usdačï, usmakčï, ussïk, usačak
|
| verbal noun
|
*usma, usug, usgu
|
| way of doing
|
*usuš
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
2nd person
|
3rd person
|
1st person
|
2nd person
|
3rd person
|
| *ben
|
*sen
|
*ol
|
*biz
|
*siz
|
*olar
|
| indicative
|
aorist
|
*usar ben
|
*usar sen
|
*usar
|
*usar biz
|
*usar siz
|
*usar
|
| past
|
simple
|
*usdum
|
*usduŋ
|
*usdï
|
*usduk, usdumuz
|
*usduŋuz
|
*usdï
|
| inferential
|
*usmïš ben
|
*usmïš sen
|
*usmïš
|
*usmïš biz
|
*usmïš siz
|
*usmïš
|
| future
|
simple
|
*usdačï ben, usmakčï ben, usačak ben
|
*usdačï sen, usmakčï sen, usačak sen
|
*usdačï, usmakčï, usačak
|
*usdačï biz, usmakčï biz, usačak biz
|
*usdačï siz, usmakčï siz, usačak siz
|
*usdačï, usmakčï, usačak
|
| predictive
|
*usgay ben
|
*usgay sen
|
*usgay
|
*usgay biz
|
*usgay siz
|
*usgay
|
| necessitive
|
*ussukum
|
*ussukuŋ
|
*ussuk
|
*ussukumuz
|
*ussukuŋuz
|
*ussuk
|
| conditional
|
*ussam, ussar ben
|
*ussaŋ, ussar sen
|
*ussa, ussar
|
*ussak, ussamïz, ussar biz
|
*ussaŋïz, ussar siz
|
*ussalar, ussar
|
| optative
|
*usgay ben
|
*usgay sen
|
*usgay
|
*usgay biz
|
*usgay siz
|
*usgay
|
| progressive
|
*usmakda ben
|
*usmakda sen
|
*usmakda
|
*usmakda biz
|
*usmakda siz
|
*usmakda
|
| necessitative
|
*usmalïg ben
|
*usmalïg sen
|
*usmalïg
|
*usmalïg biz
|
*usmalïg siz
|
*usmalïg
|
| imperative
|
*usayïn
|
*us, usgïl
|
*uszun
|
*usalïm
|
*usuŋ
|
*uszun
|
|
|
| Negative
|
|
|
| infinitive
|
*usmamak
|
| participle
|
present
|
*usmagan, usmagma, usmaz
|
| past
|
*usmaduk, usmamïš
|
| future
|
*usmačï, usmasïk, usmayačak
|
| verbal noun
|
*usmama, usmag, usmagu
|
| way of doing
|
*usmayuš
|
|
|
singular
|
plural
|
| 1st person
|
2nd person
|
3rd person
|
1st person
|
2nd person
|
3rd person
|
| *ben
|
*sen
|
*ol
|
*biz
|
*siz
|
*olar
|
| indicative
|
aorist
|
*usmaz ben
|
*usmaz sen
|
*usmaz
|
*usmaz biz
|
*usmaz siz
|
*usmaz
|
| past
|
simple
|
*usmadum
|
*usmaduŋ
|
*usmadï
|
*usmaduk, usmadumuz
|
*usmaduŋuz
|
*usmadï
|
| inferential
|
*usmamïš ben
|
*usmamïš sen
|
*usmamïš
|
*usmamïš biz
|
*usmamïš siz
|
*usmamïš
|
| future
|
simple
|
*usmačï ben, usmayačak ben
|
*usmačï sen, usmayačak sen
|
*usmačï, usmayačak
|
*usmačï biz, usmayačak biz
|
*usmačï siz, usmayačak siz
|
*usmačï, usmayačak
|
| predictive
|
*usmagay ben
|
*usmagay sen
|
*usmagay
|
*usmagay biz
|
*usmagay siz
|
*usmagay
|
| necessitive
|
*usmasukum
|
*usmasukuŋ
|
*usmasuk
|
*usmasukumuz
|
*usmasukuŋuz
|
*usmasuk
|
| conditional
|
*usmasam, usmasar ben
|
*usmasaŋ, usmasar sen
|
*usmasa, usmasar
|
*usmasak, usmasamïz, usmasar biz
|
*usmasaŋïz, usmasar siz
|
*usmasalar, usmasar
|
| optative
|
*usmagay ben
|
*usmagay sen
|
*usmagay
|
*usmagay biz
|
*usmagay siz
|
*usmagay
|
| progressive
|
*usmamakda ben
|
*usmamakda sen
|
*usmamakda
|
*usmamakda biz
|
*usmamakda siz
|
*usmamakda
|
| necessitative
|
*usmamalïg ben
|
*usmamalïg sen
|
*usmamalïg
|
*usmamalïg biz
|
*usmamalïg siz
|
*usmamalïg
|
| imperative
|
*usmayayïn
|
*usma, usmagïl
|
*usmazun
|
*usmayalïm
|
*usmayïŋ
|
*usmazun
|
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Ercilasun, Ahmet B., Akkoyunlu Ziyat, transl., Kâşgarlı Mahmud Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Giriş - Metin - Çeviri - Notlar - Dizin [Mahmud al-Kashgari's “Compendium of the languages of the Turks” Introduction - Texts - Translation - Notes - Index] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 1120) (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 2020, →ISBN, page 86
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, pages 36, 166, 286
- ^ XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları; 212)[1] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1977
- ^ Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 516
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “us-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 241
- Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, page 606
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*us”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
