Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kald

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *kaldaz.

Adjective

*kald (comparative *kaldiʀō, superlative *kaldist)

1. cold

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*kald
Genitive	*kaldas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kald	*kaldu	*kald
Accusative	*kaldanā	*kaldā	*kald
Genitive	*kaldas	*kaldeʀā	*kaldas
Dative	*kaldumē	*kaldeʀē	*kaldumē
Instrumental	*kaldu	*kaldeʀu	*kaldu
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kaldē	*kaldō	*kaldu
Accusative	*kaldā	*kaldā	*kaldu
Genitive	*kaldeʀō	*kaldeʀō	*kaldeʀō
Dative	*kaldēm, *kaldum	*kaldēm, *kaldum	*kaldēm, *kaldum
Instrumental	*kaldēm, *kaldum	*kaldēm, *kaldum	*kaldēm, *kaldum

Derived terms

• *kaldēn
• *kaldijan
• *kaldī

Related terms

• *kalan
• *kōl(ī)

Descendants

• Old English: ċeald, cald — Anglian
  • Middle English: cold, cald, cheld, cheald, chald
    • English: cold
    • Geordie English: cawd, cauld
    • Scots: cald, cauld
    • Yola: coale, khoal, cole
• Old Frisian: kald
  • Saterland Frisian: koold
  • West Frisian: kâld
• Old Saxon: kald
  • Middle Low German: kold, kolt
    • Low German:
      • German Low German: kold, kol, kolt, koolt, koold
      • Westphalian:

        Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: käult

        Lippisch: kault

        Sauerländisch: kàld

        Westmünsterländisch: kold

    • Plautdietsch: kolt
• Old Dutch: kalt, *kald, *kold (in toponyms)
  • Middle Dutch: cout, calt
    • Dutch: koud
      • Afrikaans: koud
      • Berbice Creole Dutch: kautu
      • Negerhollands: koud, koude, kout, kot, kou
      • Skepi Creole Dutch: kout
      • → Kwinti: kowru
      • → Saramaccan: koto
    • Limburgish: kaad
    • West Flemish: koed, kod
• Old High German: kalt
  • Middle High German: kalt
    • Alemannic German: chalt

      Walser: chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte

    • Bavarian: ckolt, kholt, kòlt, koid, kålt (Southern Bavarian, Carinthia, Tyrol), ckolt (Timau), kholt (Sauris), kòlt (Sappada)

      Cimbrian: kalt, khalt (Luserna, Sette Comuni)

      Mòcheno: khòlt, kòlt

    • Central Franconian: kalt
    • German: kalt
    • Luxembourgish: kal
    • Pennsylvania German: kalt
    • Vilamovian: kāłt
    • Yiddish: קאַלט (kalt)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *kaldą.

Noun

*kald n

1. cold, coldness

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kald
Genitive	*kaldas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kald	*kaldu
Accusative	*kald	*kaldu
Genitive	*kaldas	*kaldō
Dative	*kaldē	*kaldum
Instrumental	*kaldu	*kaldum

Descendants

• Old English: ċeald, cald
  • Middle English: cold, cald, chald
    • English: cold
    • Scots: cald
• Old Saxon: *kald
  • Middle Low German: kalde, kōlde, kulde
• Old Dutch: *kald, *kalt
  • Middle Dutch: colde, calde, coude, couwe, cout
    • Dutch: koud
• Old High German: *kalt
  • Middle High German: kalt, kalte, kalde
    • German: Kalte