docuirethar

Old Irish

Etymology

From to- +‎ ·cuirethar, prototonic form of fo·ceird. The perfective forms are from to- + ro- + Proto-Celtic *layeti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /doˈkurʲəθər/, [doˈkurʲeθar]

Verb

do·cuirethar (verbal noun tochor or tochuiriud)

1. to put, to place
   • c. 760 Blathmac mac Con Brettan, published in "Blathmac's Stanzas 260-303 on Judgement Day" (2019; Celtica), edited and with translations by Siobhán Barrett and David Stifter, stanza 268

     Du·foícherr fora leth ndesa cháercha íarna nglanmes. [MS. Dṿfocerr fā leiṭ ndes acaorċa iar na nglainmẹṣ.]

     He will put, on his right side, his sheep after purely judging them.

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 35^d22

     Ní rádi ní trí thalmaidchi amal dund·chuirethar inna beulu acht as·rochoíli 7 im·rádi ɔdib sainemail na nní labrathar.

     He does not say anything in haste as he puts [his words] into his mouth, but instead he determines [what he is about to say] and thinks [before he speaks] so that anything he says is excellent.

   • c. 700–800 Táin Bó Cúailnge, published in Táin Bó Cúailnge. Recension I (1976, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Cecile O'Rahilly, TBC-I 1004

     Do·chorastár [sic] in glaiss for cúlu oss é cona liic fora thairr.

     The river turned [Úalu] onto his back so that he was with his stone on his belly.

   • c. 808, Félire Oengusso, Prologue, lines 13-16; republished as Whitley Stokes, transl., Félire Óengusso Céli Dé: The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee, Harrison & Sons, 1905:

     Do rigrad no·molur, ol is tú mo ruiri, do·ralus ar m'airi gréschi occa nguidi.

     Your sg kings [glorious saints] who I praise, given that you are my sovereign [ruiri], I have borne in mind constancy in beseeching them.

2. to throw, to cast
3. to invite

Inflection

This verb conjugated differently depending on the sense.

For meanings related to “put” or “throw”, this term was highly suppletive, with a perfective formation in underlying to- + ro- + ·lá and a future formation directly suppleted from fo·ceird. It was also defective, as personal conjugations outside of the third person were almost non-existent.

Complex, class A II present, s preterite, s future, a subjunctive

		active						passive
		singular			plural			singular	plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
present indicative	deut.			du·cuiredar, do·cuirethar, do·corethar			do·cuiretar	do·focuirther, do·cuirither
	prot.							·tochar, ·tochuirther
imperfect indicative	deut.			do·corad			·tochratis
	prot.			·tachrad
preterite	deut.			du·corastar, do·corastar
	prot.			·tochrastar
perfect	deut.	do·ralus		dus·rale (with infixed pronoun s-)				do·ralad	*do·ralta
	prot.	*·tarlus						*·tarlad
future	deut.			du·foícherr
	prot.						·dichret
conditional	deut.			do·fóichred
	prot.			·toichred
present subjunctive	deut.			do·corathar; to·rala (ro-form)
	prot.		·drala (ro-form)	·tochrathar; ·rathochra (late ro-form)	·tarlam (ro-form)
past subjunctive	deut.
	prot.
imperative			tochre
verbal noun		tochor
past participle
verbal of necessity

On the other hand, when meaning “invite”, the verb was not defective and lacked suppletion. It also called for a different verbal noun, tochuiriud, instead of tochor.

Complex, class A II present, s preterite, f future, a subjunctive

		active						passive
		singular			plural			singular	plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
present indicative	deut.	do·cuiriur		do·cuirethar				do·focuirther
	prot.
imperfect indicative	deut.
	prot.
preterite	deut.
	prot.
perfect	deut.			do·rochurestar	do·rochuirsemmar
	prot.
future	deut.	do·cuirifar
	prot.								·tocuirfiter
conditional	deut.
	prot.							·tochuiribthe
present subjunctive	deut.
	prot.
past subjunctive	deut.
	prot.
imperative				tocuired		tocuirid
verbal noun		tochuiriud
past participle
verbal of necessity

Descendants

Most descendants of this verb eventually lost all the original Old Irish senses, gaining a meaning "to happen", especially in the perfect. The original senses were taken over by Middle Irish cuirid.

• Middle Irish: tochraid, tachraid
  • Irish: tachar (“putting, placing”, noun) (originally verbal noun)
  • Scottish Gaelic: tachair
  • Manx: taghyr
• ⇒ Middle Irish: do·rala, tarla (from perfect)
  • Irish: tarlaigh
  • Scottish Gaelic: thàrladh, tàrlaidh

Mutation

Mutation of docuirethar

radical	lenition	nasalization
do·cuirethar	do·chuirethar	do·cuirethar pronounced with /-ɡ(ʲ)-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “docuirethar”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language