Wiktionary

to-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "to"

English Edit

Etymology 1 Edit

From Middle English to-, from Old English tō-, te- (“apart, away”), from Proto-Germanic *twiz- (“apart, in two”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwis- (“two-ways, in twain”).

Prefix Edit

to-

  1. (no longer productive) apart, away, asunder, in pieces; expressing separation, negation, or intensity[1].
Derived terms Edit
English terms prefixed with to-
Related terms Edit

Etymology 2 Edit

From to.

Prefix Edit

to-

  1. (rare, dialectal or no longer productive) to, toward, at, or on (this).
    today
    to-year
    tonight
    together
Derived terms Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Whitney, The Century dictionary and cyclopedia, to-

See also Edit

English terms prefixed with to-

Anagrams Edit

Classical Nahuatl Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Prefix Edit

to-

Etymology 1 Edit

  1. (personal prefix, possessive) Used to form the first-person plural possessive of nouns: our. Can combine with relational words to form relational adverbs.
    nāntzintli (“mother”) → tonāntzin (“our mother”)
    calli (“house”) → tocal (“our house”)
    -tlōc (“beside”) → totlōc (“beside us”)

Derived terms Edit

Category Classical Nahuatl nouns prefixed with to- not found

Etymology 2 Edit

  1. (personal prefix, reflexive) Used to form the first-person plural reflexive of transitive verbs: ourselves. May also indicate reciprocity between the 1st person party: we ____ each other. For certain verbs, this imparts an intransitive sense rather than a strictly reflexive one.
    titītza (“to stretch something”) → titotitītzah (“We stretch (ourselves)”)
    itta (“to see something”) → titottah (“We see ourselves, We look at each other”)
    tolīnia (“to bother someone, to make suffer”) → titotolīniah (“We suffer, We are bothered”)

Usage notes Edit

As with the other reflexive prefixes and tla-, this prefixes causes deletion of initial i in verbs such as itta or ilpia, with the exception of verbs beginning with ih- such as ihquiti.

See also Edit

Middle English Edit

Etymology 1 Edit

From to (“in the direction of”), from Old English tō.

Alternative forms Edit

Prefix Edit

to-

  2. Affixed to verbs and verb inflections to impart a sense of motion, directionality and/or extension.
  3. Affixed to adjectives, adverbs and prepositions to impart a sense of approach, extension and/or proximity.
  4. (rare) Affixed to nouns to impart a sense of motion, directionality and/or extension.
Derived terms Edit
Verbs and inflections formed with to-
Adjectives, adverbs and prepositions formed with to-
Nouns formed with to-
Descendants Edit
  • English: to-

References Edit

Etymology 2 Edit

From Old English tō-, te- (“apart, asunder”).

Alternative forms Edit

Prefix Edit

to-

  2. Appended to verbs and nouns to impart a sense of separation and/or departure.
  3. Appended to verbs and nouns to intensify or emphasise the meaning.
Derived terms Edit
Verbs and inflections formed with to-
Nouns formed with to-
Descendants Edit

References Edit

Old English Edit

Alternative forms Edit

Etymology Edit

From Proto-Germanic *twiz-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Cognate with Old Frisian ti-, te-, Old Saxon te-, Old High German zi-, zir-, zar-, zur- (German zer-), Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-), and with Latin dis-.

Pronunciation Edit

  • IPA(key): /ˈtoː/ (as a nominal prefix)
  • IPA(key): /toː/ (as a verbal prefix)

Prefix Edit

tō-

  1. verbal prefix with a sense of "in pieces, apart, asunder", or with intensive force
    tefeallan, tōfeallan ― to fall apart
    titwǣman, tōtwǣman ― to separate
    tetorfian, tōtorfian ― to toss about
  2. used to form substantives from other nouns
    tōtalu ― reputation
    tōsprǣċ ― conversation

Usage notes Edit

  • The prefix has two basic forms: stressed (tō-) and unstressed (te-, ti-). Originally, the unstressed formed verbs, and the stressed formed other derivatives (nouns, adverbs, etc). This distinction was blurred in later Old English where the stressed form came to be used for both.

Derived terms Edit

Old English terms prefixed with to-

Old Irish Edit

Alternative forms Edit

  • do- (pretonic form)

Etymology Edit

From Proto-Celtic *to-.

Prefix Edit

to- (pretonic do-)

  1. prefix used to create verbs and associated verbal nouns

Usage notes Edit

  • Verbs whose deuterotonic forms begin with this prefix followed by a stressed vowel are permitted to use prototonic forms even when normally a deuterotonic form would be used (i.e. in independent or relative position). For example:
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 30d11
      Tánicc aimser mo idbarte-se. ― The time of offering me has come. (preterite of do·icc: prototonic tánicc used instead of deuterotonic do·ánicc)

Derived terms Edit

Old Irish terms prefixed with to-

Old Saxon Edit

Etymology Edit

From Proto-Germanic *tō.

Prefix Edit

to-

  1. Creates words with a sense of ‘towards, to, against’
    tōdōn (“to add; to close”)
    tōheftian (“to fix”)
    tōhlinon (“to lean against”)
    tōhnēgian (“to neigh towards”)
    tōrūnon (“to whisper”)
    tōsprekan (“to speak with, discuss, talk to”)
    tōstōtan (“to push, thrust”)
    tōward (“future”)
    tōwardes (“near”)
    tōwardig (“near”)
    tōwendian (“to turn towards”)

Derived terms Edit

Category Old Saxon terms prefixed with to- not found

Ternate Edit

Etymology Edit

Cognate with Tehit t- (“first-person singular prefix”).

Pronoun Edit

to- (Jawi تو-‎)

  1. first-person singular clitic, I
    ngori tosonyinga moju ngana na demo se ngori. ― I still remember your words to me.

See also Edit

Ternate personal pronouns
independent subject proclitic possessive
Informal Formal
1st person singular ngori fangarem, fajaruf to ri
2nd person singular ngana ngoni, jou ngoni no ni
3rd person singular unam, minaf om, mof, inh im, mif, manh
1st person plural inclusive ngone fo na, nga
1st person plural exclusive ngomi fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif, fara ngomi1 mi mi, mia
2nd person plural ngoni ni na, nia
3rd person plural anah, enanh ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, † nah, ngah, manh
  • unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
  • m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
  • 1 - for mixed-gender groups
  • † - archaic

References Edit

  • Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
  • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Wiyot Edit

Pronunciation Edit

Preverb Edit

to-

  1. The definite article: the

References Edit

  • Karl V. Teeter (1964) The Wiyot Language, University of California press, page 95

Wolio Edit

Etymology Edit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀ-.

Pronunciation Edit

Prefix Edit

to-

  1. marks the impersonal passive of transitive verbs
    tobawa (“to be brought”)
  2. forms verbs expressing involuntary action
    tole'e (“to urinate”)

References Edit

  • Anceaux, Johannes C. 1988. The Wolio Language. Dordrecht: Foris.
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