duine

Afrikaans

Noun

duine

1. plural of duin

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish duine, from Proto-Celtic *gdonyos (“human, person”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰm̥mō (“earthling, human”), a derivation of *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).

The plural daoine is suppletive, coming from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die”).

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/, /ˈd̪ˠɪn̠ʲə/

Noun

duine m (genitive singular duine, nominative plural daoine)

1. person, human being
2. one (in reference to human beings)

   Tá ceathrar páistí aige; tá duine acu tinn.

   He has four children; one of them is sick.

Declension

Declension of duine (fourth declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative duine daoine vocative a dhuine a dhaoine genitive duine daoine dative duine daoine forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an duine na daoine genitive an duine na ndaoine dative leis an duine don duine leis na daoine

Synonyms

• neach

Derived terms

• bainistíocht daoine (“man-management”)
• duine ar iarraidh
• duineata (“human, kindly”)
• duiniúil
• neamhdhuine
• osduine
• seanduine

Related terms

• daonna (“human; humane, kindly”, adjective)
• duineatacht (“humaneness, kindliness”)
• duiniúlacht (“humanity, kindliness”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of duine

radical	lenition	eclipsis
duine	dhuine	nduine

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “duine”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Middle English

Verb

duine

1. Alternative form of dwynen

Middle Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish duine, from Proto-Celtic *gdonyos (“human, person”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdunʲə/

Noun

duine m (genitive duini, nominative plural doíni)

1. person

Derived terms

• dóen

Descendants

• Irish: duine
• Manx: dooinney
• Scottish Gaelic: duine

Mutation

Mutation of duine

radical	lenition	nasalization
duine	duine pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/, later /ɣ(ʲ)-/	nduine

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “duine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *gdonyos (“human, person”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰm̥mō (“earthling, human”), a derivation of *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) (whence also dú (“place, spot”)).

Akin to Breton den (“man”) and Welsh dyn (“man”). For the parallel semantic development of the noun for "man, human" from the cognate nominal stem for "earth", compare Latin homō (“man, person”), Old Lithuanian žmuõ (“man”) and Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma).

The plural doíni is suppletive, coming from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die”) generally reconstructed as Proto-Celtic *dowenis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdunʲe]

Noun

duine m (genitive duini, nominative plural doíni)

1. person. human being
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 17^d23

     arná{m}·tomnad námmin duine sed deus

     that he should not suppose that I am a human but a god

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 134^d3

     Ɔ·riris-siu .i. ar·troídfe{a}-siu inna droch daíni, a Dǽ, dia n‑anduch, air is fechtnach a n‑andach mani erthroítar húa Día.

     You will bind, i.e. you will restrain the evil people, O God, from their iniquity, for their iniquity is prosperous if they are not restrained by God.

Declension

Masculine io-stem, masculine i-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	duine	—	doíniH
vocative	duiniL	—	doíniH
accusative	duineN	—	doíniH
genitive	duiniL	—	doíneN
dative	duiniuL	—	doínib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Middle Irish: duine
  • Irish: duine
  • Manx: dooinney
  • Scottish Gaelic: duine

Mutation

Mutation of duine

radical	lenition	nasalization
duine	duine pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/	nduine

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “duine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish duine, from Proto-Celtic *gdonyos (“human, person”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰm̥mō (“earthling, human”), a derivation of *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈd̪̊ɯɲə/
• (Lewis, Wester Ross) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪̊ɯ̃ɲə/
  • (Ness) IPA^(key): [ˈd̪̊ĩɲə]
  • (Bernera) IPA^(key): [ˈd̪̊ɯ̃ɲə]
  • (Lochs) IPA^(key): [ˈd̪̊ɨ̃ɲə]
• (Barra) IPA^(key): [ˈd̪̊ɯɲʌ], (preceding a vowel) [d̪̊ɯɲ]
• (Eastern Highlands) IPA^(key): /d̪̊ɯɲ/

Noun

duine m (genitive singular duine, plural daoine)

1. man (gender-specific)
2. person, body, individual (gender-neutral)
   • 1911 (Birlinn Limited), Edward Dwelly: The Illustrated Gaelic-English Dictionary:

     Duine gun mhath gun chron, is motha a chron na a mhath. ― A man that's neither good nor ill is more ill than good.

3. husband, married man

   an duine agam ― my husband

4. one

   Is fheudar dha duine a-riamh a dh'aithneachadh na thathar a' dèanamh le fhèin an duine. ― One must always know what one is doing with oneself.

   Chan eil fios aig duine a riamh. ― One never knows.

Derived terms

• duin'-eigin (“somebody (male)”)
• duine dubh (“Black person”)
• duine sam bith (“anybody, anyone”)
• nuair a thig air duine, thig air uile (“it never rains but it pours”)
• saor-dhuine (“freeman”)

Mutation

Mutation of duine

radical	lenition
duine	dhuine

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Edward Dwelly (1911) “duine”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎^[3], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “duine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language