gruger

French

Etymology

From Dutch gruizen.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡʁy.ʒe/
Audio: (file)
Audio (Canada): (file)

Verb

gruger

(colloquial) to dupe, con; to rob
(colloquial) to devour, scoff

Conjugation

This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written gruge- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a "soft" /ʒ/ and not a "hard" /ɡ/). This spelling-change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.

Conjugation of gruger (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	compound	avoir + past participle
infinitive	simple	gruger
present participle or gerund¹	simple	grugeant /ɡʁy.ʒɑ̃/
present participle or gerund¹	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		grugé /ɡʁy.ʒe/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	gruge /ɡʁyʒ/	gruges /ɡʁyʒ/	gruge /ɡʁyʒ/	grugeons /ɡʁy.ʒɔ̃/	grugez /ɡʁy.ʒe/	grugent /ɡʁyʒ/
	imperfect	grugeais /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/	grugeais /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/	grugeait /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/	grugions /ɡʁy.ʒjɔ̃/	grugiez /ɡʁy.ʒje/	grugeaient /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/
	past historic²	grugeai /ɡʁy.ʒe/	grugeas /ɡʁy.ʒa/	grugea /ɡʁy.ʒa/	grugeâmes /ɡʁy.ʒam/	grugeâtes /ɡʁy.ʒat/	grugèrent /ɡʁy.ʒɛʁ/
	future	grugerai /ɡʁyʒ.ʁe/	grugeras /ɡʁyʒ.ʁa/	grugera /ɡʁyʒ.ʁa/	grugerons /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɔ̃/	grugerez /ɡʁyʒ.ʁe/	grugeront /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	grugerais /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/	grugerais /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/	grugerait /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/	grugerions /ɡʁy.ʒə.ʁjɔ̃/	grugeriez /ɡʁy.ʒə.ʁje/	grugeraient /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior²	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	gruge /ɡʁyʒ/	gruges /ɡʁyʒ/	gruge /ɡʁyʒ/	grugions /ɡʁy.ʒjɔ̃/	grugiez /ɡʁy.ʒje/	grugent /ɡʁyʒ/
(simple tenses)	imperfect²	grugeasse /ɡʁy.ʒas/	grugeasses /ɡʁy.ʒas/	grugeât /ɡʁy.ʒa/	grugeassions /ɡʁy.ʒa.sjɔ̃/	grugeassiez /ɡʁy.ʒa.sje/	grugeassent /ɡʁy.ʒas/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
(compound tenses)	pluperfect²	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	~~nous~~	~~vous~~	–
simple		—	gruge /ɡʁyʒ/	—	grugeons /ɡʁy.ʒɔ̃/	grugez /ɡʁy.ʒe/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
¹ The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
² In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).