Egyptian
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Etymology
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s- (causative prefix) + wrḏ (“to be(come) weary”). A spelling with ḏ is unattested.
Pronunciation
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caus. 3-lit.
- (transitive) to weary, to exhaust (someone) [Middle Kingdom]
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 20–21:
- jr r.k m ḫrt-jb.k swrd pw ḏd n.k
- Well, do whatever you want (literally, “as your desire”). It’s tiring to talk to you.
Inflection
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Conjugation of swrd (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swrd
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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swrd
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swrdw, swrd
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swrdt
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swrd
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swrd
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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swrd
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ḥr swrd
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m swrd
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r swrd
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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swrd.n
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swrdw, swrd
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consecutive
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swrd.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| terminative
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swrdt
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| perfective3
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swrd
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
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swrd.ḫr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| imperfective
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swrd
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| prospective3
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swrdw, swrd, swrdy
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swrdw, swrd, swrdy
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potentialis1
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swrd.kꜣ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| subjunctive
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swrd
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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passive
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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swrd.n
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
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—
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| perfective
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swrd
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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swrd
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swrd, swrdw5, swrdy5
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| imperfective
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swrd, swrdy, swrdw5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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swrd, swrdj6, swrdy6
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swrd, swrdw5
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| prospective
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swrd, swrdtj7
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—
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swrdwtj1 4, swrdtj4, swrdt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swrd
References
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- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 71.4
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 217
