得る
Japanese edit
Etymology edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 得 |
| え Grade: 5 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 獲 (uncommon) |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.[1]
Pronunciation edit
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "得る"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
得る | える | [éꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 得ろ | えろ | [éꜜrò] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 得られる | えられる | [èráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 得させる | えさせる | [èsáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 得る | える | [éꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 得よう | えよー | [èyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 得ない | えない | [éꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 得なかった | えなかった | [éꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 得ます | えます | [èmáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 得た | えた | [éꜜtà] |
| Conjunctive | 得て | えて | [éꜜtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 得れば | えれば | [éꜜrèbà] |
Verb edit
得る • (eru) transitive ichidan (stem 得 (e), past 得た (eta))
- [from 759] to get, acquire, gain, obtain, win, catch
- [from 1073] (following a verb in the attributive conjugation plus particle を (o) or abstract noun 事 (koto, “fact, instance, occurrence”)) to be able to, can (compare English get to do)
- [from 1073] (by extension; in the form ざるを得ない (-zaru o enai) following the imperfective form of a verb) cannot help but doing, cannot but do
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of "得る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 得 | え | e | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 得 | え | e | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 得る | える | eru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 得る | える | eru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 得れ | えれ | ere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 得よ¹ 得ろ² |
えよ¹ えろ² |
eyo¹ ero² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 得られる | えられる | erareru | |
| Causative | 得させる 得さす |
えさせる えさす |
esaseru esasu | |
| Potential | 得られる 得れる³ |
えられる えれる³ |
erareru ereru³ | |
| Volitional | 得よう | えよう | eyō | |
| Negative | 得ない 得ぬ 得ん |
えない えぬ えん |
enai enu en | |
| Negative continuative | 得ず | えず | ezu | |
| Formal | 得ます | えます | emasu | |
| Perfective | 得た | えた | eta | |
| Conjunctive | 得て | えて | ete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 得れば | えれば | ereba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
| Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
| Terminal (終止形) | 得 | う | u |
| Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
| Realis (已然形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 得よ | えよ | eyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 得れど | うれど | uredo |
| Causal conjunction | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 得ば | えば | eba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 得き | えき | eki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 得けり | えけり | ekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 得つ | えつ | etu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 得ぬ | えぬ | enu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 得たり | えたり | etari |
| Volitional | 得む | えむ | emu |
Synonyms edit
- 獲得する (kakutokusuru)
- 取得する (shutokusuru)
- 手に入れる (te ni ireru)
- ゲット (getto)
Antonyms edit
See also edit
Suffix edit
- [from 759] to be able to, -able
Conjugation edit
The template Template:ja-verbconj does not use the parameter(s):notes=* <small>¹ Written imperative</small> * <small>² Spoken imperative</small> * <small>³ Colloquial potential</small>Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
Conjugation of "得る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
| Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
| Terminal (終止形) | 得る | うる | uru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 得よ¹ 得ろ² |
えよ¹ えろ² |
eyo¹ ero² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 得られる | えられる | erareru |
| Causative | 得させる 得さす |
えさせる えさす |
esaseru esasu |
| Potential | 得られる 得れる³ |
えられる えれる³ |
erareru ereru³ |
| Volitional | 得よう | えよう | eyō |
| Negative | 得ない 得ぬ 得ん |
えない えぬ えん |
enai enu en |
| Negative continuative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
| Formal | 得ます | えます | emasu |
| Perfective | 得た | えた | eta |
| Conjunctive | 得て | えて | ete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
| Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
| Terminal (終止形) | 得 | う | u |
| Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
| Realis (已然形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 得よ | えよ | eyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 得れど | うれど | uredo |
| Causal conjunction | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 得ば | えば | eba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 得き | えき | eki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 得けり | えけり | ekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 得つ | えつ | etu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 得ぬ | えぬ | enu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 得たり | えたり | etari |
| Volitional | 得む | えむ | emu |
References edit
- ^ “得・獲”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN