καλύπτω
Ancient Greek
editEtymology
editUncertain. The etymology determination is complicated by the fact that the word is both in sense and form similar with Ancient Greek κρύπτω (krúptō, “to hide, cover”), thus indicating possible (bi-directional) analogical influence.
Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”) (whence Latin cēlō (“to hide”)); however, Beekes argues that neither the α-vocalism nor the ύ (ú) + different labials (he considers Ancient Greek καλύβη (kalúbē, “hut, cabin”) and Ancient Greek καλύφη (kalúphē, “submerged land”) cognates) can be convincingly explained by Indo-European etymology, and thus the root is likely from Pre-Greek.[1]
Pronunciation
edit- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ka.lýp.tɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /kaˈlyp.to/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /kaˈlyp.to/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /kaˈlyp.to/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /kaˈlip.to/
Verb
editκᾰλῠ́πτω • (kalúptō)
Conjugation
editnumber | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἐκᾰ́λῠπτον | ἐκᾰ́λῠπτες | ἐκᾰ́λῠπτε(ν) | ἐκᾰλῠ́πτετον | ἐκᾰλῠπτέτην | ἐκᾰλῠ́πτομεν | ἐκᾰλῠ́πτετε | ἐκᾰ́λῠπτον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐκᾰλῠπτόμην | ἐκᾰλῠ́πτου | ἐκᾰλῠ́πτετο | ἐκᾰλῠ́πτεσθον | ἐκᾰλῠπτέσθην | ἐκᾰλῠπτόμεθᾰ | ἐκᾰλῠ́πτεσθε | ἐκᾰλῠ́πτοντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | κεκᾰλῠ́φειν, κεκᾰλῠ́φη |
κεκᾰλῠ́φεις, κεκᾰλῠ́φης |
κεκᾰλῠ́φει(ν) | κεκᾰλῠ́φετον | κεκᾰλῠφέτην | κεκᾰλῠ́φεμεν | κεκᾰλῠ́φετε | κεκᾰλῠ́φεσᾰν | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | κεκᾰλῠ́μμην | κεκᾰ́λῠψο | κεκᾰ́λῠπτο | κεκᾰ́λῠφθον | κεκᾰλῠ́φθην | κεκᾰλῠ́μμεθᾰ | κεκᾰ́λῠφθε | κεκᾰλῠ́φᾰτο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
edit- ἀμφικαλύπτω (amphikalúptō)
- ἀνακαλύπτω (anakalúptō)
- ἀποκαλύπτω (apokalúptō)
- ἐπικαλύπτω (epikalúptō)
- καλυπτός (kaluptós)
- Κᾰλῠψώ (Kalupsṓ)
- κατακαλύπτω (katakalúptō)
- παρακαλύπτω (parakalúptō)
- περικαλύπτω (perikalúptō)
- συγκαλύπτω (sunkalúptō)
Descendants
edit- Greek: καλύπτω (kalýpto)
References
edit- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “καλύπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 628–629
Further reading
edit- “καλύπτω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “καλύπτω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “καλύπτω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- καλύπτω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- καλύπτω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “καλύπτω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2572 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Greek
editEtymology
editLearned borrowing from Ancient Greek κᾰλῠ́πτω (kalúptō) and semantic loan from French couvrir or English cover.[1]
Pronunciation
editVerb
editκαλύπτω • (kalýpto) (past κάλυψα, passive καλύπτομαι, p‑past καλύφτηκα/καλύφθηκα, ppp καλυμμένος / κεκαλυμμένος)
- to cover, coat
- to cover, provide covering fire
Conjugation
editActive voice ➤ | Passive voice ➤ | |||
Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | Present | Dependent |
1 sg | καλύπτω | καλύψω | καλύπτομαι | καλυφθώ, καλυφτώ |
2 sg | καλύπτεις | καλύψεις | καλύπτεσαι | καλυφθείς, καλυφτείς |
3 sg | καλύπτει | καλύψει | καλύπτεται | καλυφθεί, καλυφτεί |
1 pl | καλύπτουμε, [‑ομε] | καλύψουμε, [‑ομε] | καλυπτόμαστε | καλυφθούμε, καλυφτούμε |
2 pl | καλύπτετε | καλύψετε | καλύπτεστε, καλυπτόσαστε | καλυφθείτε, καλυφτείτε |
3 pl | καλύπτουν(ε) | καλύψουν(ε) | καλύπτονται | καλυφθούν(ε), καλυφτούν(ε) |
Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | Imperfect | Simple past |
1 sg | κάλυπτα | κάλυψα | καλυπτόμουν(α) | καλύφθηκα, καλύφτηκα |
2 sg | κάλυπτες | κάλυψες | καλυπτόσουν(α) | καλύφθηκες, καλύφτηκες |
3 sg | κάλυπτε | κάλυψε | καλυπτόταν(ε) | καλύφθηκε, καλύφτηκε |
1 pl | καλύπταμε | καλύψαμε | καλυπτόμασταν, (‑όμαστε) | καλυφθήκαμε, καλυφτήκαμε |
2 pl | καλύπτατε | καλύψατε | καλυπτόσασταν, (‑όσαστε) | καλυφθήκατε, καλυφτήκατε |
3 pl | κάλυπταν, καλύπταν(ε) | κάλυψαν, καλύψαν(ε) | καλύπτονταν, (καλυπτόντουσαν) | καλύφθηκαν, καλυφθήκαν(ε), καλύφτηκαν, καλυφτήκαν(ε) |
Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | Continuous | Simple |
1 sg | θα καλύπτω ➤ | θα καλύψω ➤ | θα καλύπτομαι ➤ | θα καλυφθώ / καλυφτώ ➤ |
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα καλύπτεις, … | θα καλύψεις, … | θα καλύπτεσαι, … | θα καλυφθείς / καλυφτείς, … |
Perfect aspect ➤ | Perfect aspect | |||
Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … καλύψει έχω, έχεις, … καλυμμένο, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ |
έχω, έχεις, … καλυφθεί / καλυφτεί είμαι, είσαι, … καλυμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … καλύψει είχα, είχες, … καλυμμένο, ‑η, ‑ο |
είχα, είχες, … καλυφθεί / καλυφτεί ήμουν, ήσουν, … καλυμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … καλύψει θα έχω, θα έχεις, … καλυμμένο, ‑η, ‑ο |
θα έχω, θα έχεις, … καλυφθεί / καλυφτεί θα είμαι, θα είσαι, … καλυμμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
2 sg | κάλυπτε | κάλυψε | — | καλύψου |
2 pl | καλύπτετε | καλύψτε | καλύπτεστε | καλυφθείτε, καλυφτείτε |
Other forms | Active voice | Passive voice | ||
Present participle➤ | καλύπτοντας ➤ | καλυπτόμενος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
Perfect participle➤ | έχοντας καλύψει ➤ | καλυμμένος, -η-, ο, {κεκαλυμμένος, ‑η, ‑-ο} ➤ | ||
Nonfinite form➤ | καλύψει | καλυφθεί, καλυφτεί | ||
Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
• In the passive "-φθ-" may become "-φτ-" e.g. καλύφθηκα → καλύφτηκα. The forms "-φθ-" are learned. • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Related terms
edit- ακάλυπτος (akályptos, “uncovered”)
- απροκάλυπτος (aprokályptos, “outspoken”, adjective)
- ευκάλυπτος m (efkályptos, “eucalyptus”)
- καλύβα f (kalýva, “hut, shack”)
- κάλυμμα n (kálymma)
- καλυμμένος (kalymménos, “covered”, participle)
- καλυπτήριος (kalyptírios, “covering”)
- καλύπτρα f (kalýptra, “cover, veil”)
- καλύπτρα ματιού f (kalýptra matioú, “eye patch”)
- κάλυψη f (kálypsi)
- κεκαλυμμένα (kekalymména, adverb)
- κεκαλυμμένος (kekalymménos, “covered up”, learned participle)
- προκάλυμμα n (prokálymma)
- προκάλυψη f (prokálypsi)
- ανακαλύπτω (anakalýpto, “to discover, to uncover”)
- αποκαλύπτω (apokalýpto, “to reveal, to expose, to uncover”)
- επικαλύπτω (epikalýpto, “to cover”)
- περικαλύπτω (perikalýpto, “cover around”)
- πρωτοανακαλύπτω (protoanakalýpto, “discover for the first time”)
- συγκαλύπτω (sygkalýpto)
- υπερκαλύπτω (yperkalýpto)
References
edit- ^ καλύπτω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
- Ancient Greek terms with unknown etymologies
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