χαίρω
Ancient Greek
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Hellenic *kʰəřřō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer-. The iota in the progressive forms (present system) is a reflex of the *y marker for the present tense added onto the root χαρ- (khar-). [1]
Pronunciation
edit- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kʰǎi̯.rɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkʰɛ.ro/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈçɛ.ro/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈçe.ro/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈçe.ro/
Verb
editχαίρω • (khaírō)
- to be full of cheer, i.e. calmly happy or well off
- to enjoy [with dative ‘something’; or with participle ‘doing something’]
- (perfect) to be very glad; to enjoy [with dative ‘something’; or with participle ‘doing something’] a great deal
- 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 764–766:
- σὺ δ’ οὖν, ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο κεχάρηκας ποιῶν,
ἐκεῖσε μὲν μηκέτι βάδιζ’, ἀλλ’ ἐνθάδε
αὐτοῦ μένων δίκαζε τοῖσιν οἰκέταις.- sù d’ oûn, epeidḕ toûto kekhárēkas poiôn,
ekeîse mèn mēkéti bádiz’, all’ entháde
autoû ménōn díkaze toîsin oikétais. - Very well then, since you find so much pleasure in it,
go down there no more, but stay
here and deal out justice to your slaves.
- sù d’ oûn, epeidḕ toûto kekhárēkas poiôn,
- σὺ δ’ οὖν, ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο κεχάρηκας ποιῶν,
- (on meeting or parting, as an imperative) Be well; farewell, be glad, God speed, greetings, hail, joy(‐fully), rejoice (as a salutation)
Inflection
editIn addition to the forms shown below, there are reduplicated forms used in Homer: κεχάνδει, κεχανδότα, κεχαρηότα, κεχαρησέμεν, κεχαρήσεται, κεχαρισμένα, κεχαρισμένε, κεχαρισμένος, κεχάριστο, κεχαροίατο, κεχάροιτο, κεχάροντο.
Present: χαίρω, χαίρομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔχαιρον | ἔχαιρες | ἔχαιρε(ν) | ἐχαίρετον | ἐχαιρέτην | ἐχαίρομεν | ἐχαίρετε | ἔχαιρον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐχαιρόμην | ἐχαίρου | ἐχαίρετο | ἐχαίρεσθον | ἐχαιρέσθην | ἐχαιρόμεθᾰ | ἐχαίρεσθε | ἐχαίροντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Aorist: ἐχαίρησᾰ
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἐχαίρησᾰ | ἐχαίρησᾰς | ἐχαίρησε(ν) | ἐχαιρήσᾰτον | ἐχαιρησᾰ́την | ἐχαιρήσᾰμεν | ἐχαιρήσᾰτε | ἐχαίρησᾰν | ||||
subjunctive | χαιρήσω | χαιρήσῃς | χαιρήσῃ | χαιρήσητον | χαιρήσητον | χαιρήσωμεν | χαιρήσητε | χαιρήσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | χαιρήσαιμῐ | χαιρήσειᾰς, χαιρήσαις |
χαιρήσειε(ν), χαιρήσαι |
χαιρήσαιτον | χαιρησαίτην | χαιρήσαιμεν | χαιρήσαιτε | χαιρήσειᾰν, χαιρήσαιεν | |||||
imperative | χαίρησον | χαιρησᾰ́τω | χαιρήσᾰτον | χαιρησᾰ́των | χαιρήσᾰτε | χαιρησᾰ́ντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | χαιρῆσαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | χαιρήσᾱς | |||||||||||
f | χαιρήσᾱσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | χαιρῆσᾰν | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle | indicative | χηρᾰ́μην | χήρᾰο | χήρᾰτο | χήρᾰσθον | χηρᾰ́σθην | χηρᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ | χήρᾰσθε | χήρᾰντο | ||||
subjunctive | χήρωμαι | χήρηαι | χήρηται | χήρησθον | χήρησθον | χηρώμε(σ)θᾰ | χήρησθε | χήρωνται | |||||
optative | χηραίμην | χήραιο | χήραιτο | χήραισθον | χηραίσθην | χηραίμε(σ)θᾰ | χήραισθε | χηραίᾰτο | |||||
imperative | χῆραι | χηρᾰ́σθω | χήρᾰσθον | χηρᾰ́σθων | χήρᾰσθε | χηρᾰ́σθων | |||||||
middle | |||||||||||||
infinitive | χήρᾰσθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | χηρᾰ́μενος | |||||||||||
f | χηρᾰμένη | ||||||||||||
n | χηρᾰ́μενον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Aorist: ἐχᾰ́ρην
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
passive | indicative | ἐχᾰ́ρην | ἐχᾰ́ρης | ἐχᾰ́ρη | ἐχᾰ́ρητον | ἐχᾰρήτην | ἐχᾰ́ρημεν | ἐχᾰ́ρητε | ἐχᾰ́ρησᾰν | ||||
subjunctive | χᾰρῶ | χᾰρῇς | χᾰρῇ | χᾰρῆτον | χᾰρῆτον | χᾰρῶμεν | χᾰρῆτε | χᾰρῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | χᾰρείην | χᾰρείης | χᾰρείη | χᾰρεῖτον, χᾰρείητον |
χᾰρείτην, χᾰρειήτην |
χᾰρεῖμεν, χᾰρείημεν |
χᾰρεῖτε, χᾰρείητε |
χᾰρεῖεν, χᾰρείησᾰν | |||||
imperative | χᾰ́ρηθῐ | χᾰρήτω | χᾰ́ρητον | χᾰρήτων | χᾰ́ρητε | χᾰρέντων | |||||||
passive | |||||||||||||
infinitive | χᾰρῆναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | χᾰρείς | |||||||||||
f | χᾰρεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | χᾰρέν | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Future: χαιρήσω
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | χαιρήσω | χαιρήσεις | χαιρήσει | χαιρήσετον | χαιρήσετον | χαιρήσομεν | χαιρήσετε | χαιρήσουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | χαιρήσοιμῐ | χαιρήσοις | χαιρήσοι | χαιρήσοιτον | χαιρησοίτην | χαιρήσοιμεν | χαιρήσοιτε | χαιρήσοιεν | |||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | χαιρήσειν | ||||||||||||
participle | m | χαιρήσων | |||||||||||
f | χαιρήσουσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | χαιρῆσον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Perfect: κεχᾰ́ρηκᾰ
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | κεχᾰ́ρηκᾰ | κεχᾰ́ρηκᾰς | κεχᾰ́ρηκε(ν) | κεχᾰρήκᾰτον | κεχᾰρήκᾰτον | κεχᾰρήκᾰμεν | κεχᾰρήκᾰτε | κεχᾰρήκᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | κεχᾰρήκω | κεχᾰρήκῃς | κεχᾰρήκῃ | κεχᾰρήκητον | κεχᾰρήκητον | κεχᾰρήκωμεν | κεχᾰρήκητε | κεχᾰρήκωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | κεχᾰρήκοιμῐ, κεχᾰρηκοίην |
κεχᾰρήκοις, κεχᾰρηκοίης |
κεχᾰρήκοι, κεχᾰρηκοίη |
κεχᾰρήκοιτον | κεχᾰρηκοίτην | κεχᾰρήκοιμεν | κεχᾰρήκοιτε | κεχᾰρήκοιεν | |||||
imperative | κεχᾰ́ρηκε | κεχᾰρηκέτω | κεχᾰρήκετον | κεχᾰρηκέτων | κεχᾰρήκετε | κεχᾰρηκόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | κεχᾰρηκέναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | κεχᾰρηκώς | |||||||||||
f | κεχᾰρηκυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | κεχᾰρηκός | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
editCompounds of χαίρω:
- ἀντιχαίρω (antikhaírō, “rejoice in turn”)
- ἐπῐχαίρω (epikhaírō, “rejoice over”)
- κᾰτᾰχαίρω (katakhaírō, “exult over”)
- περῐχαίρω (perikhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”)
- προσχαίρω (proskhaírō, “rejoice at”)
- προχαίρω (prokhaírō, “rejoice beforehand”)
- συγχαίρω (sunkhaírō, “rejoice with”)
- ῠ̔περχαίρω (huperkhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”)
- ῠ̔ποχαίρω (hupokhaírō, “rejoice secretly”)
Other derivatives:
- ᾰ̓ποχαιρετίζω (apokhairetízō, “say farewell, take leave”)
- ἐπῐχαιράγαθος (epikhairágathos, “taking delight in what is good”)
- ἐπῐχαιρεκᾰκέω (epikhairekakéō, “rejoice at one's misfortune”)
- ἐπῐχαιρεκᾰκῐ́ᾱ f (epikhairekakíā, “joy over one's misfortune, spite”)
- ἐπῐχαιρέκᾰκος (epikhairékakos, “rejoicing over one's misfortune”)
- Χαιρέας m (Khairéas)
- χαιρέφῠλλον n (khairéphullon, “garden chervil, Anthriscus cerefolium”)
- Χαιρεφῶν m (Khairephôn)
- χαιρεκᾰκέω (khairekakéō, “ἐπιχαιρεκακέω, rejoice at another's misfortune”)
- χαιρεκᾰκῐ́ᾱ f (khairekakíā, “ἐπιχαιρεκακία, joy over one's misfortune, spite”)
- χαιρέκᾰκος (khairékakos, “ἐπιχαιρέκακος, rejoicing over one's misfortune”)
- χαιρέτισμα n (khairétisma, “greeting, salutation,”)
- χαιρετισμός m (khairetismós, “greeting, visit”)
- χαιρετιστῐκός (khairetistikós, adjective)
- χαιρετῐ́ζω (khairetízō, “greet, welcome someone”)
- χαιρητῐκός (khairētikós, “jovial, hilarious”)
- χαιροσύνη f (khairosúnē, “joy”)
- Χαιρώνεια f (Khairṓneia)
- Χαιρωνεύς (Khairōneús)
Related terms
editAnd their derived terms:
- -χᾰρής (-kharḗs)
- χᾰρᾱ́ f (kharā́, “joy”)
- χᾰ́ρῐς f (kháris, “elegance; influence”), εὐχᾰρῐστέω (eukharistéō, “thank”), χᾰριεντῐ́ζομαι (kharientízomai, “jest”)
- χᾰ́ρμᾰ n (khárma, “delight”)
Descendants
edit- Greek: χαίρω (chaíro)
References
edit- “χαίρω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “χαίρω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “χαίρω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- χαίρω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- χαίρω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “χαίρω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G5463 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Frisk, Hjalmar (1960–1972) “χαίρω”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter
- ^ See “The I Class”, p. 201-227 sections 292-330 in Curtius, Georg. The Greek Verb: Its Structure and Development. Translated by Augustus S Wilkins and E. B England. London: J. Murray, 1880
Greek
editEtymology
editFrom Ancient Greek χαίρω.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editχαίρω • (chaíro) (past —) (largely found in the expressions shown)
- to be happy, be glad
- Χαίρε Μαρία ― Chaíre María ― Hail Mary
- χαίρετε ― chaírete ― hi, hello, greetings
- χαίρω πολύ ― chaíro polý ― pleased to meet you
- χαίρω καλής φήμης ― chaíro kalís fímis ― have a good reputation
- χαίρω μεγάλης εκτιμήσεως ― chaíro megális ektimíseos ― to hold in high esteem
- χαίρω άκρας υγείας ― chaíro ákras ygeías ― to enjoy good health
- χάρηκα πολύ ― chárika polý ― pleased to have met you
Conjugation
editχαίρω (active forms only imperfective)
Active voice ➤ — Imperfective aspect ➤ | ||||
Indicative mood ➤ | Present ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Future ➤ | |
1 sg | χαίρω (χαίρομαι →) | έχαιρα | θα χαίρω | |
2 sg | χαίρεις | έχαιρες | θα χαίρεις | |
3 sg | χαίρει | έχαιρε | θα χαίρει | |
1 pl | χαίρουμε, χαίρομε | χαίραμε | θα χαίρουμε, χαίρομε | |
2 pl | χαίρετε | χαίρατε | θα χαίρετε | |
3 pl | χαίρουν, [χαίρουνε] | έχαιραν, [χαίραν, χαίρανε] | χαίρουν, [χαίρουνε] | |
Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present tense from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
Imperative mood ➤ | 2 sg | 2 pl | ||
Imperfective aspect | χαίρε | χαίρετε | ||
Other forms | Present participle ➤ | |||
χαίροντας ➤ | ||||
Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
1. This is a formal verb, where informal colloquial endings are less likely to occur. 2. Other tenses are provided by χαίρομαι. • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Synonyms
edit- χαίρομαι (chaíromai) (a deponent verb, morphologically passive form of χαίρω)
Derived terms
edit- Χαίρε Μαρία (Chaíre María, “Hail Mary”)
- χαίρετε (chaírete, “hello, greetings”)
- χαίρω πολύ (chaíro polý, “pleased to meet you”)
Related terms
editAnd their derived terms:
- -χαρής (-charís)
- -χαρος (-charos)
- επιχαίρω (epichaíro, “gloat, rejoice over failure”)
- συγχαίρω (synchaíro, “congratulate”)
- χαρά f (chará, “joy”), χαρούμενος (charoúmenos, “happy”)
- χαιρετώ (chairetó, “to say hello”)
- χαιρετίζω (chairetízo, “greet”)
- χαιρέκακος (chairékakos, “spiteful”)
- χαίρομαι (chaíromai)
- καταχαίρομαι (katachaíromai, “exult, rejoice extremely”)
- χάρη f (chári, “grace; favour”)
- χάρις f (cháris, “grace”), ευχαριστώ (efcharistó, “thank”)
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰer- (yearn)
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek terms with quotations
- Ancient Greek verbs with a progressive iota or yod marker
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek verbs
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek irregular verbs
- Greek defective verbs
- Greek verbs lacking passive forms