товарищ
See also: товариш
Russian edit
Alternative forms edit
- това́рищъ (továrišč) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
- тов. (tov.), т. (t.) — abbreviations
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old East Slavic товарищь (tovariščĭ), from Proto-Slavic *tovariščь, from *tovarъ + *-iščь.
Ultimately an early borrowing of Turkic origin, from Old Turkic tavar (“property, goods, trade, wealth”) + ishchi (“one who works”), from ish (“business, work”), from Proto-Turkic *īĺč (“work”) (or, possibly instead -iš (“friend”)).[1][2] See modern Turkish işçi (“worker”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
това́рищ • (továrišč) m anim (genitive това́рища, nominative plural това́рищи, genitive plural това́рищей, relational adjective това́рищеский)
- comrade, friend (male or female)
- mate, companion, pal (male or female)
- colleague, assistant (male or female)
- classmate, fellow student (male or female)
- a word used to address compatriots, fellow citizens (male or female) in the Soviet era
Declension edit
Declension of това́рищ (anim masc-form sibilant-stem accent-a)
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | това́рищ továrišč |
това́рищи továrišči |
genitive | това́рища továrišča |
това́рищей továriščej |
dative | това́рищу továrišču |
това́рищам továriščam |
accusative | това́рища továrišča |
това́рищей továriščej |
instrumental | това́рищем továriščem |
това́рищами továriščami |
prepositional | това́рище továrišče |
това́рищах továriščax |
Derived terms edit
- по-това́рищески (po-továriščeski)
- сотова́рищ m (sotovárišč)
- това́рищеский (továriščeskij)
- това́рищество n (továriščestvo)
- това́рка (továrka)
Descendants edit
- → Chinese:
- Mandarin: 達瓦里希 (dáwǎlǐxī)
- → English: tovarish
- → Finnish: toveri
- → Ingrian: tovarišša
- → Yakut: табаарыс (tabaarıs)
References edit
- ^ Rusistika: The Russian Journal of the Association for Language Learning, vol. 11-14. The Association, 1995. page 17.
- ^ “tovarish”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.