جهد

See also: جہد and ج ه د

Arabic

Etymology 1.1

Root
ج ه د (j h d)
11 terms

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒa.ha.da/

Verb

جَهَدَ • (jahada) I (non-past يَجْهَدُ (yajhadu), verbal noun جَهْد (jahd))

1. to strive, to struggle, to labour, to exert oneself, to take pains, to endeavor (especially in the sense of strenuously, to the utmost of one's ability, etc.)
2. (transitive) to overwork, to overtax, to fatigue, to exhaust

Conjugation

    Conjugation of جَهَدَ (I, sound, a ~ a, full passive, verbal noun جَهْد)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						جَهْد jahd
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						جَاهِد jāhid
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَجْهُود majhūd
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	جَهَدْتُ jahadtu	جَهَدْتَ jahadta	جَهَدَ jahada		جَهَدْتُمَا jahadtumā	جَهَدَا jahadā		جَهَدْنَا jahadnā	جَهَدْتُمْ jahadtum	جَهَدُوا jahadū
	f		جَهَدْتِ jahadti	جَهَدَتْ jahadat			جَهَدَتَا jahadatā			جَهَدْتُنَّ jahadtunna	جَهَدْنَ jahadna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَجْهَدُ ʔajhadu	تَجْهَدُ tajhadu	يَجْهَدُ yajhadu		تَجْهَدَانِ tajhadāni	يَجْهَدَانِ yajhadāni		نَجْهَدُ najhadu	تَجْهَدُونَ tajhadūna	يَجْهَدُونَ yajhadūna
	f		تَجْهَدِينَ tajhadīna	تَجْهَدُ tajhadu			تَجْهَدَانِ tajhadāni			تَجْهَدْنَ tajhadna	يَجْهَدْنَ yajhadna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَجْهَدَ ʔajhada	تَجْهَدَ tajhada	يَجْهَدَ yajhada		تَجْهَدَا tajhadā	يَجْهَدَا yajhadā		نَجْهَدَ najhada	تَجْهَدُوا tajhadū	يَجْهَدُوا yajhadū
	f		تَجْهَدِي tajhadī	تَجْهَدَ tajhada			تَجْهَدَا tajhadā			تَجْهَدْنَ tajhadna	يَجْهَدْنَ yajhadna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَجْهَدْ ʔajhad	تَجْهَدْ tajhad	يَجْهَدْ yajhad		تَجْهَدَا tajhadā	يَجْهَدَا yajhadā		نَجْهَدْ najhad	تَجْهَدُوا tajhadū	يَجْهَدُوا yajhadū
	f		تَجْهَدِي tajhadī	تَجْهَدْ tajhad			تَجْهَدَا tajhadā			تَجْهَدْنَ tajhadna	يَجْهَدْنَ yajhadna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِجْهَدْ ijhad			اِجْهَدَا ijhadā				اِجْهَدُوا ijhadū
	f		اِجْهَدِي ijhadī							اِجْهَدْنَ ijhadna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	جُهِدْتُ juhidtu	جُهِدْتَ juhidta	جُهِدَ juhida		جُهِدْتُمَا juhidtumā	جُهِدَا juhidā		جُهِدْنَا juhidnā	جُهِدْتُمْ juhidtum	جُهِدُوا juhidū
	f		جُهِدْتِ juhidti	جُهِدَتْ juhidat			جُهِدَتَا juhidatā			جُهِدْتُنَّ juhidtunna	جُهِدْنَ juhidna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُجْهَدُ ʔujhadu	تُجْهَدُ tujhadu	يُجْهَدُ yujhadu		تُجْهَدَانِ tujhadāni	يُجْهَدَانِ yujhadāni		نُجْهَدُ nujhadu	تُجْهَدُونَ tujhadūna	يُجْهَدُونَ yujhadūna
	f		تُجْهَدِينَ tujhadīna	تُجْهَدُ tujhadu			تُجْهَدَانِ tujhadāni			تُجْهَدْنَ tujhadna	يُجْهَدْنَ yujhadna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُجْهَدَ ʔujhada	تُجْهَدَ tujhada	يُجْهَدَ yujhada		تُجْهَدَا tujhadā	يُجْهَدَا yujhadā		نُجْهَدَ nujhada	تُجْهَدُوا tujhadū	يُجْهَدُوا yujhadū
	f		تُجْهَدِي tujhadī	تُجْهَدَ tujhada			تُجْهَدَا tujhadā			تُجْهَدْنَ tujhadna	يُجْهَدْنَ yujhadna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُجْهَدْ ʔujhad	تُجْهَدْ tujhad	يُجْهَدْ yujhad		تُجْهَدَا tujhadā	يُجْهَدَا yujhadā		نُجْهَدْ nujhad	تُجْهَدُوا tujhadū	يُجْهَدُوا yujhadū
	f		تُجْهَدِي tujhadī	تُجْهَدْ tujhad			تُجْهَدَا tujhadā			تُجْهَدْنَ tujhadna	يُجْهَدْنَ yujhadna

Etymology 1.2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒahd/

Noun

جَهْد • (jahd) m (plural جُهُود (juhūd))

1. verbal noun of جَهَدَ (jahada) (form I)
2. labour, toil, exertion, effort

Declension

Declension of noun جَهْد (jahd)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَهْد jahd	الْجَهْد al-jahd	جَهْد jahd
Nominative	جَهْدٌ jahdun	الْجَهْدُ al-jahdu	جَهْدُ jahdu
Accusative	جَهْدًا jahdan	الْجَهْدَ al-jahda	جَهْدَ jahda
Genitive	جَهْدٍ jahdin	الْجَهْدِ al-jahdi	جَهْدِ jahdi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جَهْدَيْن jahdayn	الْجَهْدَيْن al-jahdayn	جَهْدَيْ jahday
Nominative	جَهْدَانِ jahdāni	الْجَهْدَانِ al-jahdāni	جَهْدَا jahdā
Accusative	جَهْدَيْنِ jahdayni	الْجَهْدَيْنِ al-jahdayni	جَهْدَيْ jahday
Genitive	جَهْدَيْنِ jahdayni	الْجَهْدَيْنِ al-jahdayni	جَهْدَيْ jahday
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُهُود juhūd	الْجُهُود al-juhūd	جُهُود juhūd
Nominative	جُهُودٌ juhūdun	الْجُهُودُ al-juhūdu	جُهُودُ juhūdu
Accusative	جُهُودًا juhūdan	الْجُهُودَ al-juhūda	جُهُودَ juhūda
Genitive	جُهُودٍ juhūdin	الْجُهُودِ al-juhūdi	جُهُودِ juhūdi

Etymology 1.3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒuhd/

Noun

جُهْد • (juhd) m

1. strain, exertion, effort
2. power, ability
3. to the limit of, as much as (جُهْدَ (juhda) used as preposition)

   هُوَ أَكَلَ جُهْدَ طَاقَتِهِ.

   huwa ʔakala juhda ṭāqatihi.

   He ate to the limit of his ability.

Declension

Declension of noun جُهْد (juhd)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُهْد juhd	الْجُهْد al-juhd	جُهْد juhd
Nominative	جُهْدٌ juhdun	الْجُهْدُ al-juhdu	جُهْدُ juhdu
Accusative	جُهْدًا juhdan	الْجُهْدَ al-juhda	جُهْدَ juhda
Genitive	جُهْدٍ juhdin	الْجُهْدِ al-juhdi	جُهْدِ juhdi

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَهَدَ (jahada).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒahð]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒäɦd̪]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒäɦd̪]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒɑːd̪]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒɔːd̪̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒæɦd̪̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒäɦd̪]

Readings
Classical reading?	jahd
Dari reading?	jahd
Iranian reading?	jahd
Tajik reading?	jahd

Noun

جهد • (jahd)

1. struggle, effort, exertion

   Synonym: کوشش (kušeš)

   • c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 348”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎^[1]:

     مایهٔ خوشدلی آنجاست که دلدار آنجاست
     می‌کنم جهد که خود را مگر آنجا فکنم

     māya-yi xwašdilī ānjā-st ki dildār ānjā-st
     mē-kunam jahd ki xwad rā magar ānjā fikanam

     The essence of happiness is there where the beloved is;
     I strive to throw myself there if I can.

     (Classical Persian transliteration)

Further reading

• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “جهد”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

South Levantine Arabic

Root
ج ه د
2 terms

Etymology

From Arabic جُهْد (juhd).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒuhd/, [ʒʊhd]

• Audio (Ramallah):

  (file)

Noun

جهد • (juhd) m (plural جهود (juhūd))

1. strain, exertion, effort