Azerbaijani

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Noun

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دشمن (düşmən) (definite accusative دشمنی (düşməni), plural دشمنلر (düşmənlər))

  1. Arabic spelling of düşmən (enemy)

Declension

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Baluchi

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Noun

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دشمن (dušman)

  1. enemy

See also

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Khalaj

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Noun

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دُشمَن (duşman) (definite accusative دُشمَنؽ, plural دُشمَنلار)

  1. Arabic spelling of duşman (enemy)

Declension

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Declension of دشمن
singular plural
nominative دشمن دشمنلار
genitive دشمنؽݧ دشمنلارؽݧ
dative دشمنقا دشمنلارقا
definite accusative دشمنؽ دشمنلارؽ
locative دشمنچا دشمنلارچا
ablative دشمندا دشمنلاردا
instrumental دشمنلا دشمنلارلا
equative دشمنوارا دشمنلاروارا

Ottoman Turkish

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Persian دشمن (došman).

Noun

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دشمن (düşmen, düşman)

  1. enemy, foe
    Synonyms: خصم (hasm, hasım), یاغی (yağı)
    • 1927 October, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk[1], page 500:
      دشمنلر و خلیفه‌لر برابر اوله‌بیلیرلر و هر شی یاپمغه تشبث ایده‌بیلیرلر. فقط ، یكی توركیه‌نك طرز اداره‌سنی ، سیاستنی ، قوتی قطعیاً صارصه‌مزلر.
      Düşmanlar ve halifeler beraber olabilirler ve her şey yapmaya teşebbüs edebilirler. Fakat, yeñi Türkiye'nin tarz idaresini, siyasetini, kuvveti katiyen sarsamazlar.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Descendants

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Persian

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Persian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia fa

Etymology

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    From Middle Persian [script needed] (dwšmn'), [script needed] (dwšmyn'), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn /⁠dušmēn⁠/, enemy), from Proto-Iranian *dušmánāh. Compare Ancient Greek δῠσμενής (dŭsmenḗs), Sanskrit दुर्मनस् (durmanas).

    Pronunciation

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    Readings
    Classical reading? dušman
    Dari reading? dušman
    Iranian reading? došman
    Tajik reading? dušman
    • Audio (Iran):(file)

    Noun

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    Dari دشمن
    Iranian Persian
    Tajik душман

    دُشْمَن (došman) (plural دشمنان)

    1. enemy
      Synonym: عدو ('adov)
      Antonym: دوسْت (dust)

    Inflection

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    Basic forms of دشمن
    singular plural
    bare دشمن (došman) دشمن‌ها، دشمنا (došman-hấ, došmanấ)
    definitive direct object دشمن را، دشمن رو (došman râ, došmano) دشمن‌ها را، دشمنا رو (došman-hấ râ, došmanấ ro)
    ezâfe دشمن (došman-e) دشمن‌های، دشمنای (došman-hấ-ye, došmanấ-ye)
    marked indefinite
    or relative definite
    دشمنی (došman-i) دشمن‌هایی، دشمنایی (došmanấn-i, došman-hấ-i, došmanấi)

    Colloquial.

    Possessive forms of دشمن
    singular plural
    1st person singular
    (“my”)
    دشمنم (došmanam) دشمن‌هایم، دشمن‌هام، دشمنام (došman-hấyam, došmanấm)
    2nd person singular
    (“your”)
    دشمنت (došmanat, došmanet) دشمن‌هایت، دشمن‌هات، دشمنات (došman-hấyat, došmanất)
    3rd person singular
    (“his, her, its”)
    دشمنش (došmanaš, došmaneš) دشمن‌هایش، دشمن‌هاش، دشمناش (došman-hấyaš, došmanấš)
    1st person plural
    (“our”)
    دشمنمان، دشمنمون (došmanemân, došmanemun) دشمن‌هایمان، دشمن‌هامون، دشمنامون (došman-hấyemân, došmanấmun)
    2nd person plural
    (“your”)
    دشمنتان، دشمنتون (došmanetân, došmanetun) دشمن‌هایتان، دشمن‌هاتون، دشمناتون (došman-hấyetân, došmanấtun)
    3rd person plural
    (“their”)
    دشمنشان، دشمنشون (došmanešân, došmanešun) دشمن‌هایشان، دشمن‌هاشون، دشمناشون (došman-hấyešân, došmanấšun)

    Colloquial.

    Predicative forms of دشمن (došman)
    singular plural
    1st person
    (“I am, we are”)
    دشمنم (došmanam) دشمنیم (došmanim)
    2nd person
    (“you are”)
    دشمنی (došmani) دشمنید، دشمنین (došmanid, došmanin)
    3rd person
    (“he/she/it is, they are”)
    دشمن است، دشمنه (došman ast, došmane) دشمنند، دشمنن (došmanand, došmanan)

    Colloquial.

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    References

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    • Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թշնամի”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, pages 191–192

    Punjabi

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    Etymology

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    Borrowed from Classical Persian دشمن (dušman). Compare Urdu دُشْمَن (duśman).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    دُشْمَݨ (duśmaṇm (Gurmukhi spelling ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ)

    1. enemy, villain

    References

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    • دشمن”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025

    Urdu

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    Etymology

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    Borrowed from Classical Persian دشمن (dušman). Compare Punjabi دُشْمَݨ (duśmaṇ).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    دُشْمَن (duśmanm (Hindi spelling दुश्मन)

    1. enemy, foe
      Synonyms: شَتْرُو (śatrū), بَیری (bairī)
      • 1904, Muhammad Iqbal, Tarānā-e-Hind:
        کُچھ بات ہَے کِہ ہَسْتی مِٹْتی نَہِیں ہَماری
        صَدِیوں رَہَا ہَے دُشْمَن دَورِ زَماں ہَمارا
        kuch bāt hai ki hastī miṭtī nahī̃ hamārī
        sadiyõ rahā hai duśman daur-i zamā̃ hamārā
        There is something about our existence for it doesn't get wiped
        Even though, for centuries, the time-cycle has been our enemy.
    2. opponent
      Synonym: مُخالِف (muxālif)

    Declension

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    Declension of دشمن
    singular plural
    direct دُشْمَن (duśman) دُشْمَن (duśman)
    oblique دُشْمَن (duśman) دُشْمَنوں (duśmanõ)
    vocative دُشْمَن (duśman) دُشْمَنو (duśmano)
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    Further reading

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    • دشمن”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
    • دشمن”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
    • Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “دشمن”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co., page 308
    • Platts, John T. (1884) “دشمن”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 518
    • S. W. Fallon (1879) “دشمن”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co., page 628
    • John Shakespear (1834) “دشمن”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC, page 860