دشمن

Azerbaijani

Noun

دشمن (düşmən) (definite accusative دشمنی (düşməni), plural دشمنلر (düşmənlər))

1. Arabic spelling of düşmən (“enemy”)

Declension

Declension of دشمن

	singular	plural
nominative	دشمن	دشمنلر
definite accusative	دشمنی	دشمنلری
dative	دشمنه	دشمنلره
locative	دشمنده	دشمنلرده
ablative	دشمندن	دشمنلردن
definite genitive	دشمنین	دشمنلرین

Baluchi

Noun

دشمن • (dušman)

1. enemy

See also

• دژمن (dužman)

Khalaj

Noun

دُشمَن (duşman) (definite accusative دُشمَنؽ, plural دُشمَنلار)

1. Arabic spelling of duşman (“enemy”)

Declension

Declension of دشمن

	singular	plural
nominative	دشمن	دشمنلار
genitive	دشمنؽݧ	دشمنلارؽݧ
dative	دشمنقا	دشمنلارقا
definite accusative	دشمنؽ	دشمنلارؽ
locative	دشمنچا	دشمنلارچا
ablative	دشمندا	دشمنلاردا
instrumental	دشمنلا	دشمنلارلا
equative	دشمنوارا	دشمنلاروارا

Ottoman Turkish

Alternative forms

• տիւշմէն (düşmen), տիւշման (düşman) — Armeno-Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian دشمن (došman) (compare Avar тушман (tušman), Azerbaijani düşmən, Baluchi دژمن (dužman), دشمن (dušman), Bashkir дошман (doşman), Bengali দুশমন (duśmon), Chuvash тӑшман (tăšman), Crimean Tatar duşman, Gujarati દુશ્મન (duśman), Kazakh дұшпан (dūşpan), Kumyk душман (duşman), Northern Kurdish dijmin, دوژمن (dujmin), Macedonian душман (dušman), Moksha душман (dušman), Pashto دوښمن (dux̌mán), دښمن (dox̌mán), Punjabi ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ (duśmaṇ), Russian душма́н (dušmán), Sindhi دشمن, Southern Altai тушман (tušman), Tajik душман (dušman), Turkmen duşman, Urdu دشمن (duśman), Uyghur دۈشمەن (düshmen), Uzbek dushman, Zazaki dışmen).

Noun

دشمن • (düşmen, düşman)

1. enemy, foe

   Synonyms: خصم (hasm, hasım), یاغی (yağı)

   • 1927 October, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk‎^[1], page 500:

     دشمنلر و خلیفه‌لر برابر اوله‌بیلیرلر و هر شی یاپمغه تشبث ایده‌بیلیرلر. فقط ، یكی توركیه‌نك طرز اداره‌سنی ، سیاستنی ، قوتی قطعیاً صارصه‌مزلر.

     Düşmanlar ve halifeler beraber olabilirler ve her şey yapmaya teşebbüs edebilirler. Fakat, yeñi Türkiye'nin tarz idaresini, siyasetini, kuvveti katiyen sarsamazlar.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Descendants

• Turkish: düşman
• → Albanian: dushman
• → Bulgarian: душман (dušman), душманин (dušmanin)
• → Laz: დუშმენი (duşmeni), დუშმანი (duşmani)
• → Macedonian: душман (dušman)
• → Romanian: dușman, dușmancă
• → Russian: душман (dušman)
• → Serbo-Croatian: dȕšman／ду̏шман
• → Urdu: دشمن (duśman)

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (dwšmn'), [script needed] (dwšmyn'), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn /⁠dušmēn⁠/, “enemy”), from Proto-Iranian *dušmánah. Compare Ancient Greek δῠσμενής (dusmenḗs).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [duʃ.ˈman]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊʃ.mǽn]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊʃ.mǽn]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊʃ.mǽn]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪uʃ.mǽn]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪oʃ.mǽn]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪uʃ.mǽn]

Readings
Classical reading?	dušman
Dari reading?	dušman
Iranian reading?	došman
Tajik reading?	dušman

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Noun

Dari	دشمن
Iranian Persian
Tajik	душман

دُشْمَن • (došman) (plural دشمنان (došmanân))

1. enemy

   Antonym: دوسْت (dust)

Inflection

Enclitic-attached forms of دشمن (došman) (Iranian Persian)

Basic forms of دشمن (došman) singular plural bare دشمن (došman) دشمن‌ها (došman-hấ) دشمنا △ (došmanấ) definitive direct object دشمن را (došman râ) دشمن رو △ (došmano) دشمن‌ها را (došman-hấ râ) دشمنا رو △ (došmanấ ro) ezâfe دشمن (došman-e) دشمن‌های (došman-hấ-ye) دشمنای △ (došmanấ-ye) marked indefinite or relative definite دشمنی (došman-i) دشمن‌هایی (došmanấn-i, došman-hấ-i) دشمنایی △ (došmanấi) △ Colloquial.     Possessive forms of دشمن (došman) singular plural 1st person singular (“my”) دشمنم (došmanam) دشمن‌هایم (došman-hấyam) دشمن‌هام، دشمنام △ (došmanấm) 2nd person singular (“your”) دشمنت (došmanat) [Term?] △ (došmanet) دشمن‌هایت (došman-hấyat) دشمن‌هات، دشمنات △ (došmanất) 3rd person singular (“his, her, its”) دشمنش (došmanaš) [Term?] △ (došmaneš) دشمن‌هایش (došman-hấyaš) دشمن‌هاش، دشمناش △ (došmanấš) 1st plural (“our”) دشمنمان (došmanemân) دشمنمون △ (došmanemun) دشمن‌هایمان (došman-hấyemân) دشمن‌هامون، دشمنامون △ (došmanấmun) 2nd plural (“your”) دشمنتان (došmanetân) دشمنتون △ (došmanetun) دشمن‌هایتان (došman-hấyetân) دشمن‌هاتون، دشمناتون △ (došmanấtun) 3rd plural (“their”) دشمنشان (došmanešân) دشمنشون △ (došmanešun) دشمن‌هایشان (došman-hấyešân) دشمن‌هاشون، دشمناشون △ (došmanấšun) △ Colloquial.     Predicative forms of دشمن (došman) singular plural 1st person (“I am, we are”) دشمنم (došmanam) دشمنیم (došmanim) 2nd person (“you are”) دشمنی (došmani) دشمنید (došmanid) دشمنین △ (došmanin) 3rd person (“he/she/it is, they are”) دشمن است (došman ast) دشمنه △ (došmane) دشمنند (došmanand) دشمنن △ (došmanan) △ Colloquial.

Derived terms

• دشمنی (došmani)

Descendants

• → Armenian: դուշման (dušman)
• → Assamese: দুছমন (dusomon)
• → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܕܸܫ̃ܡܸܢ (dižmin)
• → Avar: тушман (tušman)
• → Azerbaijani: düşmən, дүшмән
• → Bengali: দুশমন (duśmon)
• → Chuvash: тӑшман (tăšman)
• → Dhivehi: ދުށްމިނު (duṣ̊minu)
• → Eastern Mari: тушман (tušman)
• → Erzya: душман (dušman)
• → Hindi: दुश्मन (duśman)
• → Karaim: душман (duşman)
• → Kazakh: дұшпан (dūşpan)
• → Khalaj: duşman
• → Kyrgyz: душман (duşman), тушман (tuşman)
• → Moksha: душман (dušman)
• → Old Tati:

  Old Azari: دشمن (dusmon)

• → Ottoman Turkish: دشمن (düşman), دشمن (düşmen)
  • → Turkish: düşman
  • → Laz: დუშმენი (duşmeni), დუშმანი (duşmani)
  • → Bulgarian: душман (dušman), душманин (dušmanin)
  • → Macedonian: душман (dušman)
  • → Romanian: dușman, dușmancă
  • → Serbo-Croatian: ду̏шман, dȕšman
• → Marathi: दुशमन (duśman)
• → Nepali: दुस्मन (dusman), दुश्मन (duśman)
• → Punjabi: ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ (duśmaṇ), ਦੁਸਮਣ (dusmaṇ)
• → Romani: duśman
• → Russian: душма́н (dušmán)
• → Santali: ᱫᱩᱥᱢᱚᱱ (dusmôn)
• → Southern Altai: тушман (tušman)
• → Sylheti: ꠖꠥꠡ꠆ꠝꠘ (duśmono)
• → Tatar: дошман (doşman)
• → Turkmen: душман, duşman
• → Udi: дуьшмаьн (düšmän)
• → Urdu: دُشْمَن (duśman)
• → Urum: душман (duşman)
• → Uyghur: دۈشمەن (düshmen)
• → Uzbek: dushman

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թշնամի”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, pages 191–192

Punjabi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دشمن (dušman). Compare Urdu دُشْمَن (duśman).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Punjabi) IPA^(key): /d̪ʊʃᵊ.məɳᵊ/
• Rhymes: -əɳᵊ

Noun

دُشْمَݨ • (duśmaṇ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ)

1. enemy, villain

References

• “دشمن”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2024

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دشمن (dušman). Compare Punjabi دُشْمَݨ (duśmaṇ).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /d̪ʊʃ.mən/

• Audio (Pakistan):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ən
• Hyphenation: دُشْ‧مَن

Noun

دُشْمَن • (duśman) m (Hindi spelling दुश्मन)

1. enemy, foe
2. opponent

   Synonym: مُخالِف (muxālif)

Declension

Declension of دشمن
	singular	plural
direct	دُشْمَن (duśman)	دُشْمَن (duśman)
oblique	دُشْمَن (duśman)	دُشْمَنوں (duśmanō̃)
vocative	دُشْمَن (duśman)	دُشْمَنو (duśmanō)

Related terms

• دُشْمَنِی (duśmanī)

Further reading

• “دشمن”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “دشمن”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “دشمن”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
• Platts, John T. (1884) “دشمن”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• S. W. Fallon (1879) “دشمن”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
• John Shakespear (1834) “دشمن”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC