飛ぶ
Japanese edit
Etymology edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 飛 |
| と Grade: 4 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 跳ぶ 翔ぶ |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *tənpu. Cognate with Okinawan 飛ぶん (tubun).
Pronunciation edit
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "飛ぶ"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
飛ぶ | とぶ | [tòbú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 飛べ | とべ | [tòbé] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 飛ばれる | とばれる | [tòbárérú] |
| Causative | 飛ばせる | とばせる | [tòbásérú] |
| Potential | 飛べる | とべる | [tòbérú] |
| Volitional | 飛ぼう | とぼー | [tòbóꜜò] |
| Negative | 飛ばない | とばない | [tòbánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 飛ばなかった | とばなかった | [tòbánáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 飛びます | とびます | [tòbímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 飛んだ | とんだ | [tòńdá] |
| Conjunctive | 飛んで | とんで | [tòńdé] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 飛べば | とべば | [tòbéꜜbà] |
Verb edit
飛ぶ • (tobu) intransitive godan (stem 飛び (tobi), past 飛んだ (tonda))
Usage notes edit
This spelling of tobu usually denotes flying rather than jumping, as opposed to 跳ぶ which is reserved for the latter.
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of "飛ぶ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 飛ば | とば | toba |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 飛び | とび | tobi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 飛ばれる | とばれる | tobareru |
| Causative | 飛ばせる 飛ばす |
とばせる とばす |
tobaseru tobasu |
| Potential | 飛べる | とべる | toberu |
| Volitional | 飛ぼう | とぼう | tobō |
| Negative | 飛ばない | とばない | tobanai |
| Negative continuative | 飛ばず | とばず | tobazu |
| Formal | 飛びます | とびます | tobimasu |
| Perfective | 飛んだ | とんだ | tonda |
| Conjunctive | 飛んで | とんで | tonde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 飛べば | とべば | tobeba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 飛ば | とば | toba |
| Continuative (連用形) | 飛び | とび | tobi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Realis (已然形) | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 飛ばず | とばず | tobazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 飛べど | とべど | tobedo |
| Causal conjunction | 飛べば | とべば | tobeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 飛ばば | とばば | tobaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 飛びき | とびき | tobiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 飛びけり | とびけり | tobikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 飛びつ | とびつ | tobitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 飛びぬ | とびぬ | tobinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 飛べり 飛びたり |
とべり とびたり |
toberi tobitari |
| Volitional | 飛ばむ | とばむ | tobamu |
Derived terms edit
- 飛び移る (tobiutsuru)
- 首が飛ぶ (kubi ga tobu): to decapitate, to fire an employee
- はんぷくよことび (hanpuku yoko-tobi)
References edit
- ^ “飛・跳”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.