Appendix:Proto-Ongan reconstructions
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The following list of Jarawa, Onge, and Proto-Ongan lexical items is from Blevins (2007: 194-198).
Notes edit
- Duplicates in Blevins (2007) have been merged in the list below.
- Words marked (A) are only attested in Abbi (2006).[1]
- Some Jarawa words are from Sreenathan (2001)[2] and Kumar (2006, in progress).[3][4]
- Onge words marked (P) are from Portman (1887).[5] Others are from Dasgupta & Sharma (1982)[6] and Cogoy (2004).[7]
List edit
| gloss | Proto-Ongan | Jarawa | Onge |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg possessive/subject prefix | *m- | m- | m- |
| 2pl possessive pronoun; yours (pl.) | *na | na | na |
| 2sg possessive prefix; your (sg.) | *ŋ- | ŋ- | ŋ- |
| 2sg subject pronoun; you (sg.) | *ŋi | ŋi | ŋi |
| 3pl subject prefix | *ekw- | eh-, əh- | ekw- |
| 4th person prefix; indefinite personal | *ən- | ən-, on- | ən- |
| adze | *doy | dow | doyi |
| all | mala-awde | -lotalota | |
| arrow | *partu | parto, partu | barto |
| ashes | hwiyə, omoha (A) | toŋkute | |
| bad, not good | *biti, *piti? | biti, piti | -ibiti |
| bark (of tree) | *-aŋwi | nodəhe (A) | -aŋwi ‘skin, bark’ |
| base, root (of tree), calf (of leg) | *-ici | -ici- | -ici- |
| bat | *lətə | yətə | ləte |
| be full | -ejebute | ||
| big | *uma ‘big’ | hutu, uma-me [ms:86] | dalu, ue, ume |
| bird | *nuk | noha | tuge |
| bite (vb.) | -ibaga- | ||
| black | *kiru | hiru | i-kiu |
| blood | *-aceŋ, *ceŋ | ceŋ, -aceŋ | -aceŋe |
| blue, green | *-ele | -ele-, -elə, elu | -i/ela |
| bone | *daŋ, *-idaŋ | -idəŋ | -idaŋe, -ireŋe |
| bow | *aw | aw | aʔ |
| boy; son | *day | daw, daa | daye |
| breast | *-akak | -akag | -agage, -agake |
| burn (vb.) | tuhəb-le-yame | ||
| buttocks | *-eɲjapo | -eɲjapo | -enabo |
| cane mat or platform | *kam | ham | kame |
| cane; cane basket | *dakweg | daaig | dakwage |
| carry on back | *-apa | -apa | -aba |
| child | *ale | -ale | ale, -aye |
| child (cf. *ale) | *ecele | əcələ, icele | ecele |
| clay, earth | *wed | wed | we |
| coconut tree, coconut | *dag | dag | dage |
| cold | *jom | əemeyn (A) | -ajomo, -jome; -ugite- |
| come (toward speaker) (vb.) | *alema | alema | -alema-, -ayo- |
| cough | *udu | udu | uru-ge |
| crab | *kaka | haka | kaga |
| creek, stream | *kwai | hwaw | kwai |
| die (vb.) | *peca-me | pecame | became, bencame |
| dog | *weme, *wem? | wəm(e), wə-wəm | wəmə, weme |
| drink (vb.) | *-iɲco | -iɲco | -iɲjo, -ijo- |
| ear | *-ikwag | -ikwa, -ikwagu | -ikwage |
| earth; land | *bela ‘mud, dirt, earth’ | pela, bela | gea; tutano |
| eat, bite (vb.) | *-ita, *-ata (dbl.) | -ita- | -ida, -ite, -ada |
| egg | *gane | yane | gane |
| eye | *-ecebo (< *eca-ipo) | -ecepo | -ejebo |
| face, forehead | *-eca | -ece- | -eja-, -eje- |
| feather | *-ode ‘hair, feather’ | -ode | -ode, -ore |
| fingernail | *-(o,e)pe-taŋ (*-taŋ, -daŋ ‘bone; nail’) | -opetaŋ | -oboraŋe, -obeduŋe (P) |
| fire | *tuke | tuhə | tuke |
| firewood; ignite fire, burn firewood | *nam | nam(e) | name, yame |
| fish | *napo | napo | coge |
| fish abdomen | heyonu | ||
| flesh, cheek, fleshy part | *-ipo | -epo, -ipo | -ebo, -ibo |
| flower | *okw | oha | okw- |
| fly (vb.) | *ugike- | ugikə- | -ugiʔkei |
| foot | *uge (< *-uke) | -ug(e) | -uge |
| foreigner, stranger, not Ongan | *inen | inen | inene |
| forest; stick | *kayiw | həwə | kəyə, kəye, gai |
| give | *kiya | hiya | kaʔ (imp.) |
| give (vb.) | *bele | -iya | bele; -gabe- |
| go, come | *bei | bəi-te- | bei |
| good, nice, beautiful | *baro | cew | bado, baro |
| hair | *-ode ‘hair, feather’ | -ode, -od | -ode, -ore, -orə |
| hand | *-ome | -om(e) | -ome |
| hand, arm, branch, appendage | *-ipil | -ipil | -ibile |
| head, face | *-otab ‘head, face’ | -otab, -otap | -otabe |
| hear, listen (vb.) | -koʔlakwe, -yeyeʔ | ||
| heart | -ukukotabe | ||
| hit with arrow, kill | aikwa | otakwe | |
| honey | *lew | ləw | le |
| horns | *-iru, *wiru (?) | wiru | |
| hot | *kulu | hulu | kulu |
| husband | *-agi | -agi | -agi/cebe |
| I (1sg subject pronoun) | *mi | mi | mi |
| illness, pain, sickness | *-bule | ule, -obule | ule-, -obule |
| knee | *-olo | -olo | -ola, -olo |
| knife, dagger, iron | *lee | -le, leo | leə, lee |
| know (vb.) | *-iliɲe ‘see, know’ | -iniyəla | -iliɲe, -iliŋe |
| laugh (vb.) | *-eni | -enia | -eɲi |
| leaf | *bebe | bebe | bebe |
| lie down (vb.) | *tule | tule | tule, nelaŋa (A) |
| liver | *-oracu | -oacu | |
| log, tree, trunk, stem; canoe | *taŋ, *daŋ? | taŋ, daŋ | daŋe, taŋe |
| long | *talu ‘long, big’ , *dalu? | talu, dalu | jagai, ue, uye; dalu ‘big’ |
| louse | *kuhi | ləhubə (A); kuhile | toraŋi, toraŋ/gile |
| man | taho (A) | uɲagile | |
| many, much | mala; tapo | kutu; waŋe; -ilake | |
| moon | tape, tabe | cileme | |
| mother (address term) | *-aya | -aya | k/aye/ri |
| mouth | *-alaŋ | -olu, alu | -alaŋe |
| mud, dirt, earth | *bela, *pela? | bela | bela |
| name | *-atiba | atiba | -atibe |
| navel | *-ekwal | -ehwal | -ekwale |
| neck, throat | *-aŋito | -aŋito | -aŋito |
| night | kitale | toŋki, boykwe | |
| no, not; verbal negator | *nadema | nadem | narema |
| non-past, non-completive | *-ya | -yə | -a, -ə |
| nose | *-iɲjan-ipo, *-iɲanpo | -iɲapo; iɲanpo, -iɲanpo | -iɲabo, iɲaibo |
| nurse, suckle | *ɲoɲo | ɲoɲo | ɲoɲo |
| one | *waya | wəyə | i-uaiya, i-woya |
| owl | *koriko | horko | korige |
| path, trail | *icala | -icala | -icele |
| person, native; member of group; Ongan | *eŋ, *əŋ (< *en) | əŋ, eŋ | əŋe |
| pig; animal | *kui | hwəuwə, hoi | kui |
| pipe made of crab claw | *takwe | tahe | takwe |
| rain | wəwə | ujeŋe, ujəŋe | |
| red | *gidu | horgidu | gero, geru |
| red ochre | *alam | alam | alame |
| resin, gum | *pone | pone | bone, mone |
| root, buttress | *ici-taŋ ‘tree root’ | icitaŋ | icindaŋe |
| sand | pile, bilə | belai; agaŋe, ageŋe | |
| say, speak (vb.) | -atiba | bini ‘speak; drop; throw’; cenene- ‘talk’ | |
| see (vb.) | *-yaba | yo-yəba | -iaba |
| see, look (vb.) | *-iliɲe ‘see, know’ | -yewəba, -iliye-ma | -atiyebe, -iliɲe, -iliŋe |
| seed; fruit | *otu | otu | -oto |
| sharp edge (e.g., of knife) | *-icale | icale | -ijele |
| sharp instrument | *cataŋ | cataŋ ‘chisel’ | ceraŋe ‘k.o. arrow; spade’ |
| shell; thorn, spine, pointy protrusion | *cana- | cana- | cena- |
| shine (of heavenly body) | *cile- | ciləhe, cilape ‘star’ | cileme ‘moon’ |
| shoulder | *-ala | -ala | -al/laŋe |
| shoulder blade | *-ataŋ | -ataŋ | -ata |
| side, lateral side (of body) | *-ikola | iholə | ikola |
| sit (vb.) | *antek | -ətəhə | -antəkə |
| skin | *-atiy | -atiye | -ati |
| sky, clouds; flat | *(p,b)aŋnan ‘flat (surface)’ | baŋnaŋ, paŋnan- | beŋnoŋe, bennaŋe |
| sleep (vb.) | *-omuk > *-omok | -omohə | -omoka |
| small | *baya | baiya, boiya | baya, bayai |
| smoke | *bel ‘smoke’ | pənel, bənel | beleme |
| stand (vb.) | *doka | dokəte- | doka- |
| star | cilape, ciləhe | kəyekəye | |
| stative verbal suffix | *-me | -me | -me |
| stomach | -ore, -ohwe, -ihwede, -ihwedbo | -ioŋe | |
| stone | *uli | uli | uli |
| stream, creek | *kwai | hwaw | kwai |
| sun, day, daylight | *eke | ehe | eke |
| swim (vb.) | *kwara | hwara | kwa(n)e |
| tail | *-ukicele | awug ‘fish tail’; yawugu ‘bird tail’; yaw ‘tail (of dog)’ [rs:56] | ukicele |
| tears | *-epo-t-iŋ ‘water of eye’ | -epotaŋ (A) | -eboteŋe |
| that | *lu | lu | lua |
| this | *li | li | li |
| tongue | *-adalaŋ | -adal(e) | -alaŋe |
| tooth | *-akwed | -ahod | -akwe |
| tree, log | *taŋ | taŋ | daŋe |
| two | *naga | naya | ninaga, inaga |
| urinate | *-ecele | -ecele | -ejele |
| walk (vb.) | cayway(a) | bujeye | |
| water | *iŋ | iŋ | iŋe |
| we | *eti | mi | eti |
| weep, cry (vb.) | *wana | wana | wana |
| what | *one ‘what, which’ | onaha | one-nare |
| white | *kala | hala | kala |
| who | *one-akai ‘which one’ | one | ɲakai |
| wife | *-aŋa | -aŋab | -aŋa/be ‘make s.o. one’s wife; take a wife (of a man)’ |
| woman | tayoha | əŋa-cebe, əŋ-ale | |
| wooden bucket | *uku | uhu | uku |
| you (sg.) | *ŋi | ŋi | ŋi |
References edit
- Blevins, Juliette. 2007. "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands." Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 46, Number 1, June 2007, pp. 154-198.
- Secondary sources cited by Blevins (2007)
- ^ Abbi, Anvita. 2004. Endangered languages of the Andaman Islands. Munich: Lincom Europa.
- ^ Sreenathan, M. 2001. The Jarawas: Language and culture. Anthropological Survey of India. Calcutta: Government of India.
- ^ Kumar, Pramod. 2006. Jarawa morphology. Handout from work-in-progress talk, November 7, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig.
- ^ Kumar, Pramod. In progress. A descriptive grammar of the Jarawa language. PhD dissertation, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig.
- ^ Portman, M. V. 1887. Manual of the Andamanese languages. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. [Reprinted in 1992 by Manas Publications, Delhi.]
- ^ Dasgupta, D., and S. R. Sharma. 1982. A Handbook of the Önge language. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India.
- ^ Cogoy, Estevao. 2004. Onge dictionary. http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/onge.html
External links edit
- Proto-Ongan (Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database)
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North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda |
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p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan |