Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwerhaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Presumably from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to turn”); compare Sanskrit तर्कु (tarku, “spindle”) and Latin torqueō (“to twist”). Kroonen assumes metathesis of Pre-Germanic *térkʷos to *twérkos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθwer.xɑz/

Adjective

*þwerhaz

cross, adverse

Inflection

Declension of *þwerhaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*þwerhaz	*þwerhai	*þwerhō	*þwerhôz	*þwerhą, -atō	*þwerhō
Accusative	*þwerhanǭ	*þwerhanz	*þwerhǭ	*þwerhōz	*þwerhą, -atō	*þwerhō
Genitive	*þwerhas, -is	*þwerhaizǫ̂	*þwerhaizōz	*þwerhaizǫ̂	*þwerhas, -is	*þwerhaizǫ̂
Dative	*þwerhammai	*þwerhaimaz	*þwerhaizōi	*þwerhaimaz	*þwerhammai	*þwerhaimaz
Instrumental	*þwerhanō	*þwerhaimiz	*þwerhaizō	*þwerhaimiz	*þwerhanō	*þwerhaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*þwerhô	*þwerhaniz	*þwerhǭ	*þwerhōniz	*þwerhô	*þwerhōnō
Accusative	*þwerhanų	*þwerhanunz	*þwerhōnų	*þwerhōnunz	*þwerhô	*þwerhōnō
Genitive	*þwerhiniz	*þwerhanǫ̂	*þwerhōniz	*þwerhōnǫ̂	*þwerhiniz	*þwerhanǫ̂
Dative	*þwerhini	*þwerhammaz	*þwerhōni	*þwerhōmaz	*þwerhini	*þwerhammaz
Instrumental	*þwerhinē	*þwerhammiz	*þwerhōnē	*þwerhōmiz	*þwerhinē	*þwerhammiz

Derived terms

*þwerhōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þwerh
- Old English: þweorh, þwerh
  - Middle English: thwīre, thwyre
- Old Frisian: þweres (adverb)
  - West Frisian: twer
- Old Saxon: thwerh, ðwerh
  - Middle Low German: dwer, dwers, queer
    - Low German: dweer, dwars, quars; (> verquars)
      - → German: verquast
    - → Middle English: dwere, dwire
    - → Scots: queer
      - → English: queer, qwer (Bermuda)
        → German: queer, Queer
        → Swedish: queer
- Old Dutch: *thwerh, *thwerhes
  - Middle Dutch: dwer, dwers, dwersch, dwāers
    - Dutch: dwars
- Old High German: dwerah
  - Middle High German: dwërch, twërch, twerhe, twer
    - Alemannic German: Twër
    - German: quer (Central German); zwerch (Upper German; still in Zwerchfell)
      - → Swedish: kvär^[1] (dated)
      - → Danish: kvær^[2] (dated)
        → Norwegian Bokmål: kvær^[3] (dated)
    - Luxembourgish: queesch
    - Vilamovian: twar
Old Norse: þverr
- Icelandic: þver
- Faroese: tvørur
- Danish: tvær
- Norwegian: tverr
- Old Swedish: þvær, þvar
  - Swedish: tvär
- ⇒ Old Norse: þvert
  - Danish: tvært
  - → Middle English: thwert
    - English: thwart
Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍃 (þwairhs)

References

^ kvär in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
^ “kvär” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog
^ “kvær” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

[1] vär in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

[2] “kvär” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

[3] “kvær” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

[1]

[2]

[3]