Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/burgz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Either

from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰs (“something high up and fortified”)
or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”),

but compare Latin arx, which goes through the meanings of *burgz and of *bergaz (stronghold, refuge, summit).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /burɣz/

Noun

*burgz f

fortification, stronghold
(fortified) city

Inflection

consonant stemDeclension of *burgz (consonant stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*burgz	*burgiz
vocative	*burg	*burgiz
accusative	*burgų	*burgunz
genitive	*burgiz	*burgǫ̂
dative	*burgi	*burgumaz
instrumental	*burgē	*burgumiz

Related terms

*bergaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *burg
- Old English: burg, burh
  - Middle English: burgh
    - Scots: burch, burgh
    - English: borough, -borough, Brough, boro, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury
  - → English: burh (learned)
- Old Frisian: burch, burich
  - Saterland Frisian: Buurich
  - West Frisian: -boarg (in compounds)
- Old Saxon: burg
  - Middle Low German: borch
    - German Low German: Börg, Borg
- Old Dutch: burg
  - Middle Dutch: borch, burch
    - Dutch: burg, burcht
      - Afrikaans: burg
    - Limburgish: bórg, börch
- Old High German: burg
  - Middle High German: burc
    - German: Burg
    - Luxembourgish: Buerg
- → Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)
  - →? Albanian: burg
- → Old French: borc, burc
  - Middle French: bourg
    - French: bourg
Old Norse: borg
- Icelandic: borg
- Faroese: borg
- Norwegian Nynorsk: borg; (dialectal) børg
- Elfdalian: borg
- Old Swedish: borgh
  - Swedish: borg
- Danish: borg
  - Norwegian Bokmål: borg
- Old Gutnish: burg, borg
Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs)