Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fram

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forth, forward”). Related to Proto-Germanic *framaz (“forward, prominent”) whence Old Norse framr (“forward; superior”), Old English fram (“strenuous, active, bold, strong”), German fromm (“good, upright, devout, pious”), Ancient Greek πρόμος (prómos, “foremost one, champion, leader, prince”), Umbrian promom (“at first, initially”), Lithuanian pìrmas (“first”).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ɸrɑm/

Preposition edit

*fram

(with dative) from
(with dative) by, due to

Adverb edit

*fram (comparative *framiz, superlative *framist)

forth, forward
away, further

Descendants edit

Old English: fram, from
- Middle English: from, fram, vrom, vram; fro, fra, vra, fray
  - English: from
    - → Scots: from, frome
  - Yola: vrem, vrim, vreem, vream; vrom
Old Frisian: from
Old Saxon: fram
Old Dutch: fram-
Old High German: fram
- Middle High German: vram
Old Norse: frá
- Icelandic: frá
- Faroese: frá
- Norwegian Nynorsk: frå
- Elfdalian: frą̊
- Old Swedish: frā
  - ⇒ Old Swedish: frān
    - Swedish: från
- Old Danish: fra, fraa, fran
  - Danish: fra
    - Norwegian Bokmål: fra
- → Old English: fra
  - Middle English: fra, fro
    - English: fro
    - Geordie English: frae, fra
    - Scots: frae, fra, fro, fae
Old Norse: fram
- Icelandic: fram
- Faroese: fram, frá
- Old Swedish: fram
  - Swedish: fram
- Danish: frem
  - Norwegian Bokmål: frem
- Norwegian: fram
Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 (fram)