Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grīsaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Watkins suggests Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”).^[1] However, compare Sanskrit हर्षति (harṣati, “to become on edge, nervous”), which is from *ǵʰers- (“surprised, stiff”).^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣriː.sɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*grīsaną^[3]

to shudder, to shake
to be frightened, to be in awe

Inflection

Conjugation of *grīsaną (strong class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*grīsō	*grīsaų	—	*grīsai	?
2nd singular	*grīsizi	*grīsaiz	*grīs	*grīsazai	*grīsaizau
3rd singular	*grīsidi	*grīsai	*grīsadau	*grīsadai	*grīsaidau
1st dual	*grīsōz	*grīsaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*grīsadiz	*grīsaidiz	*grīsadiz	—	—
1st plural	*grīsamaz	*grīsaim	—	*grīsandai	*grīsaindau
2nd plural	*grīsid	*grīsaid	*grīsid	*grīsandai	*grīsaindau
3rd plural	*grīsandi	*grīsain	*grīsandau	*grīsandai	*grīsaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grais	*grizį̄
2nd singular	*graist	*grizīz
3rd singular	*grais	*grizī
1st dual	*grizū	*grizīw
2nd dual	*grizudiz	*grizīdiz
1st plural	*grizum	*grizīm
2nd plural	*grizud	*grizīd
3rd plural	*grizun	*grizīn

	present	past
participles	*grīsandz	*grizanaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *grīsan
- Old English: grīsan
  - Middle English: grīsen
    - English: grise
- Old Dutch: *grīsan
  - Middle Dutch: grisen
    - ⇒ Dutch: afgrijzen (obsolete except as gerund)

References

^ “grisly”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
^ A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and other cognate Indo-European Languages By Monier Williams, p. 1176
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*grīsanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 143

[1] “grisly”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.

[2] A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and other cognate Indo-European Languages By Monier Williams, p. 1176

[Orel-3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*grīsanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 143

[1]

[2]

[3]