Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hawāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑ.wɑː.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *kew-. Cognate Lithuanian kuvḗtis (“to be ashamed”).

Verb

*hawāną

1. to mock

Inflection

Conjugation of *hawāną (weak class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hawō	?	—	?	?
2nd singular	*hawaisi	?	*hawai	*hawāsai	?
3rd singular	*hawaiþi	?	*hawāþau	*hawāþai	?
1st dual	*hawōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hawāþiz	?	*hawāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hawāmaz	?	—	*hawānþai	?
2nd plural	*hawaiþ	?	*hawaiþ	*hawānþai	?
3rd plural	*hawānþi	?	*hawānþau	*hawānþai	?
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hawadǭ	*hawadēdį̄
2nd singular	*hawadēz	*hawadēdīz
3rd singular	*hawadē	*hawadēdī
1st dual	*hawadēdū	*hawadēdīw
2nd dual	*hawadēdudiz	*hawadēdīdiz
1st plural	*hawadēdum	*hawadēdīm
2nd plural	*hawadēdud	*hawadēdīd
3rd plural	*hawadēdun	*hawadēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hawāndz	*hawadaz

Descendants

• Old Norse: há
  • Icelandic: há
  • Norwegian: hå

Etymology 2

The verb could also be reconstructed as *hēwijaną, but in view of Latvian kavêt (“to prevent”), *hawāną is more likely. Also cognate with Latin caveo (“to take care, beware”).

Verb

*hawāną

1. to observe

Inflection

Conjugation of *hawāną (weak class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hawō	?	—	?	?
2nd singular	*hawaisi	?	*hawai	*hawāsai	?
3rd singular	*hawaiþi	?	*hawāþau	*hawāþai	?
1st dual	*hawōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hawāþiz	?	*hawāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hawāmaz	?	—	*hawānþai	?
2nd plural	*hawaiþ	?	*hawaiþ	*hawānþai	?
3rd plural	*hawānþi	?	*hawānþau	*hawānþai	?
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hawadǭ	*hawadēdį̄
2nd singular	*hawadēz	*hawadēdīz
3rd singular	*hawadē	*hawadēdī
1st dual	*hawadēdū	*hawadēdīw
2nd dual	*hawadēdudiz	*hawadēdīdiz
1st plural	*hawadēdum	*hawadēdīm
2nd plural	*hawadēdud	*hawadēdīd
3rd plural	*hawadēdun	*hawadēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hawāndz	*hawadaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hawēn
  • Old English: hawian
• Old Norse: *há
  • Norwegian: hå
• → Proto-Finnic: *havait'ak (see there for further descendants)