Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klinganą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology 1

From Pre-Germanic *glengʰ- (“sound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gal-, *gelH- (“to call, sound”) (compare *golH-s- (“voice, cry”)), the root whence also *kalzōną, and/or ultimately onomatopoeic.

Verb

*klinganą^[1]

to sound

Inflection

Conjugation of *klinganą (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*klingō	*klingaų	—	*klingai	?
2nd singular	*klingizi	*klingaiz	*kling	*klingazai	*klingaizau
3rd singular	*klingidi	*klingai	*klingadau	*klingadai	*klingaidau
1st dual	*klingōz	*klingaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*klingadiz	*klingaidiz	*klingadiz	—	—
1st plural	*klingamaz	*klingaim	—	*klingandai	*klingaindau
2nd plural	*klingid	*klingaid	*klingid	*klingandai	*klingaindau
3rd plural	*klingandi	*klingain	*klingandau	*klingandai	*klingaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*klang	*klungį̄
2nd singular	*klanht	*klungīz
3rd singular	*klang	*klungī
1st dual	*klungū	*klungīw
2nd dual	*klungudiz	*klungīdiz
1st plural	*klungum	*klungīm
2nd plural	*klungud	*klungīd
3rd plural	*klungun	*klungīn

	present	past
participles	*klingandz	*klunganaz

Derived terms

>? *klinkō
- Proto-West Germanic: *klinku (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Old Frisian: klinga
- North Frisian: klinke
- Saterland Frisian: klinge
- West Frisian: klinke
Old Saxon: *klingan
- Middle Low German: klingen, clingen
  - Low German:
    - German Low German: klingen
    - Westphalian:
      Münsterländer: klingen (Westmünsterländisch)
      
      East Westphalian: klingen (Ravensberger)
  - Plautdietsch: kjlinjen
  - → Old Norse: klingja, *klinga
    - Icelandic: klingja
    - Faroese: klinga
    - → Old Swedish: klinga
      - Swedish: klinga
    - Danish: klinge
Old Dutch: *clingan
- Middle Dutch: clingen
  - Dutch: klingen, klinken
    - Afrikaans: klink
    - →⇒ French: clinquant
      - → English: clinquant
  - Limburgish: klinge, klinke
  - → Middle English: clinken
    - English: clink
    - Scots: clink
Old High German: klingan
- Middle High German: klingen
  - German: klingen
  - Luxembourgish: kléngen
  - Yiddish: קלינגען (klingen)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”). Originally regular verb assimilated into strong verb class 3.

Verb

*klinganą^[2]^[3]

to adhere to, cling to

Inflection

Conjugation of *klinganą (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*klingō	*klingaų	—	*klingai	?
2nd singular	*klingizi	*klingaiz	*kling	*klingazai	*klingaizau
3rd singular	*klingidi	*klingai	*klingadau	*klingadai	*klingaidau
1st dual	*klingōz	*klingaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*klingadiz	*klingaidiz	*klingadiz	—	—
1st plural	*klingamaz	*klingaim	—	*klingandai	*klingaindau
2nd plural	*klingid	*klingaid	*klingid	*klingandai	*klingaindau
3rd plural	*klingandi	*klingain	*klingandau	*klingandai	*klingaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*klang	*klungį̄
2nd singular	*klanht	*klungīz
3rd singular	*klang	*klungī
1st dual	*klungū	*klungīw
2nd dual	*klungudiz	*klungīdiz
1st plural	*klungum	*klungīm
2nd plural	*klungud	*klungīd
3rd plural	*klungun	*klungīn

	present	past
participles	*klingandz	*klunganaz

Related terms

Derived terms

*klangijaną

Descendants

Old English: clingan
- Middle English: clingen
  - English: cling
Old Saxon: *klingan
- Middle Low German: *klingen, klinken
  - German Low German: klingen, klinken
  - → Danish: klinke
Old Dutch: *clingan
- Middle Dutch: clingen, clinken
  - Dutch: klingen, klinken
Old High German: klingan
- Middle High German: klingen

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klingan- ~ *klinkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 293
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klingan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 293
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*klenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 216

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klingan- ~ *klinkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 293

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klingan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 293

[3] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*klenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 216

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