Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/slēpaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

Unclear. May be related to *slapaz (“weak, lax”),^[1] itself of unclear origin, or possibly back-formed to *slabōną/*slappōną.^[2]

Possibly from a hypothetical base *slē‑, extended in pre-Germanic as *slēb-, from earlier Proto-Indo-European *sleh₁‑, which could be related to *(s)leh₁g-; see also Latin langueō (“to be faint, listless”), Old English slæc (“lazy”).^[3]^[4]^[5]

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈslɛː.pɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*slēpaną

to sleep
Synonym: *swefaną

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *slēpaną (strong class 7d)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*slēpō	*slēpaų	—	*slēpai	?
2nd singular	*slēpizi	*slēpaiz	*slēp	*slēpazai	*slēpaizau
3rd singular	*slēpidi	*slēpai	*slēpadau	*slēpadai	*slēpaidau
1st dual	*slēpōz	*slēpaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*slēpadiz	*slēpaidiz	*slēpadiz	—	—
1st plural	*slēpamaz	*slēpaim	—	*slēpandai	*slēpaindau
2nd plural	*slēpid	*slēpaid	*slēpid	*slēpandai	*slēpaindau
3rd plural	*slēpandi	*slēpain	*slēpandau	*slēpandai	*slēpaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sezlēp	*sezlēpį̄
2nd singular	*sezlēft	*sezlēpīz
3rd singular	*sezlēp	*sezlēpī
1st dual	*sezlēpū	*sezlēpīw
2nd dual	*sezlēpudiz	*sezlēpīdiz
1st plural	*sezlēpum	*sezlēpīm
2nd plural	*sezlēpud	*sezlēpīd
3rd plural	*sezlēpun	*sezlēpīn

	present	past
participles	*slēpandz	*slēpanaz

Derived terms edit

*slēpaz

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *slāpan
- Old English: slǣpan, slēpan, slāpan
  - Middle English: slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe
    - English: sleep
      - Sranan Tongo: sribi
    - Scots: sleep, sleip, slepe
- Old Frisian: slēpa
  - North Frisian: sliepe
  - Saterland Frisian: släipe
  - West Frisian: sliepe
- Old Saxon: slāpan
  - Middle Low German: slâpen
    - German Low German: slapen
    - Low German: slapen
- Old Dutch: slāpan
  - Middle Dutch: slâpen
    - Dutch: slapen
      - Afrikaans: slaap
      - Negerhollands: slaap, slap, slaep
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: slapi, slappe
    - Limburgish: slaope
    - Zealandic: slaepe
- Old High German: slāfan
  - Middle High German: slāfen
    - Alemannic German: schlaaffe, schlooffe
      Badisch: schlofe
      Italian Walser: schloafe, schloafen, schlofe, schlàfu, schlaafä
    - Bavarian:
      Central Bavarian: schloffa
      Cimbrian: slaafan, slafan, slavan
      Mòcheno: schloven
      South Tyrolean: schlofn, sghlofn
    - Central Franconian: schlofe
      - Hunsrik: schlofe
      - Luxembourgish: schlofen
    - German: schlafen
    - Rhine Franconian: schlofe
      - Pennsylvania German: schlofe
    - Yiddish: שלאָפֿן (shlofn)
Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 (slēpan)
Crimean Gothic: schlipen

References edit

^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “slapen”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[1] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*slēpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 453
^ “sleep”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “sleep”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “lē̆b‑”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 655

[1] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “slapen”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[1] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*slēpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 453

[3] “sleep”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.

[4] Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “sleep”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

[5] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “lē̆b‑”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 655

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