Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/séh₂ls

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*séh₂ls

1. salt

Declension

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*séh₂ls
genitive	*sh₂lés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*séh₂ls	—	—
vocative	*séh₂l	—	—
accusative	*séh₂lm̥	—	—
genitive	*sh₂lés	—	—
ablative	*sh₂lés	—	—
dative	*sh₂léy	—	—
locative	*sh₂él, *sh₂éli	—	—
instrumental	*sh₂léh₁	—	—

Alternative reconstructions

• *sáls

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *śālā
  • Albanian: gjollë (“salt”)
• Proto-Albanian: * ̊śali(m)-
  • Albanian: ngjelmë (“salty”)
• Proto-Albanian: *en-salima
  • Albanian: ngjelmët (“salty, briny”)
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: աղ (ał)
  • Old Armenian: աղտ (ałt) < *séh₂ld-
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *salˀdus (from *sh₂el-d-u-s or *sh₂l-d-u-s), *sāˀlis
  • Latgalian: sõļs, solds, soldons
  • Latvian: sāls, salds
  • Old Prussian: sal
  • Lithuanian: saldus, sálti (“sweeten”)
  • Proto-Slavic: *solь (see there for further descendants), *soldъ (“malt”) (see there for further descendants), *soldъkъ (“sweet”) (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Iranian: *solH (“salt”)
      • Zazaki: sol (“salt”)
      • Northern Kurdish: solin (“salt”), sû (“saltless”)
• Proto-Celtic: *sālos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *saleinos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *saltą (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *hāls
  • Ancient Greek: ἅλς (háls)
    • Greek: αλάτι (aláti)
• Indo-Iranian:
  • Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: सलिल (salila, “water”)
      • → Bengali: সলিল (śolil)
  • Iranian
    • Persian: هلتاک (haltâk, “salty yoghurt”), هلث (halþ~halt, “salty, salty food”)
• Italic:
  • Latin: sāl (see there for further descendants)
  • Umbrian: salu
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: sāle
  • Tocharian B: salyiye
• → Proto-Uralic: (independent loans from early Indo-European at least in Finno-Permic and Ob-Ugric; common Finno-Permic *sala is sometimes reconstructed)
  • Proto-Ugric:
    • Khanty:
      • Eastern Khanty: салнә (salnə)
      • Northern Khanty: сӑл (săl)
  • Proto-Permic:
    • Komi:
      • Komi-Permyak: сов (sov), сол (sol)
      • Komi-Zyrian: сов (sov)
    • Udmurt: сылал (sylal)
  • Mari:
    • Eastern Mari: шинчал (šinčal)
  • Proto-Mordvinic:
    • Erzya: сал (sal)
    • Moksha: сал (sal)
  • Proto-Finnic: *soola (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

• Unsorted formations:
  • Old Armenian: քաղցր (kʻałcʻr) (partially)
  • Proto-Germanic: *sultijō (“brine; saltmarsh”)