Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Hrawdʰás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰ-ó-s, from *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) +‎ *-ós (deverbal suffix). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *roudos, Proto-Germanic *raudaz.

Noun

*Hrawdʰás m

1. red metal, copper, brass

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hrawdʰás	*Hrawdʰā́(w)	*Hrawdʰā́s(as)
vocative	*Hráwdʰa	*Hráwdʰā(w)	*Hráwdʰās(as)
accusative	*Hrawdʰám	*Hrawdʰā́(w)	*Hrawdʰā́ns
instrumental	*HrawdʰáH	*Hrawdʰáybʰyā(m)	*Hrawdʰā́yš
ablative	*Hrawdʰā́t	*Hrawdʰáybʰyā(m)	*Hrawdʰáybʰyas
dative	*Hrawdʰā́y	*Hrawdʰáybʰyā(m)	*Hrawdʰáybʰyas
genitive	*Hrawdʰásya	*Hrawdʰáyās	*Hrawdʰā́naHam
locative	*Hrawdʰáy	*Hrawdʰáyaw	*Hrawdʰáyšu

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrawdʰás (“copper”)
  • Sanskrit: लोह (lohá)
    • Pali: loha
    • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀮𑁄𑀳 (loha)
      • Hindi: लोहा (lohā)
• Proto-Iranian: *Hrawdáh (“copper, brass”)
  • Baluchi: رود (rōd)
  • Parthian: 𐫡𐫇𐫔 (rōδ, “copper”)
    • → Old Armenian: արոյր (aroyr)
      • → Armenian: արույր (aruyr) (learned)
      • →? Old Georgian: რვალი (rvali) (or directly from Iranian)
        • Georgian: რვალი (rvali)
  • Old Persian: [script needed] (*rauda)
    • Middle Persian:

      Manichaean Middle Persian: rwy (rôy, “copper, brass”)

      Pahlavi Middle Persian: lwd (rôy, “copper, brass”)

      • Persian: روی (roy)
  • Sogdian: [script needed] (rwδ /⁠rōδ⁠/)