Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kъrma

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to form, to shape”), akin to Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, “act, effect, result”), or from *(s)ker- (“to cut”), *(s)kerH- (“to break, to section”).

Noun

*kъrmà f

1. stern (controlling section of a boat)

   Coordinate terms: *veslo (“oar”), *oje (“thill”), *osь (“axle”)

Declension

Declension of *kъrmà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kъrmà	*kъ̑rmě	*kъ̑rmy
genitive	*kъrmý	*kъrmù	*kъ̃rmъ
dative	*kъrmě̀	*kъrmàma	*kъrmàmъ
accusative	*kъ̑rmǫ	*kъ̑rmě	*kъ̑rmy
instrumental	*kъrmojǫ́	*kъrmàma	*kъrmàmi
locative	*kъ̑rmě	*kъrmù	*kъrmàsъ, *kъrmàxъ*
vocative	*kъrmo	*kъ̑rmě	*kъ̑rmy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.

Derived terms

• *kъrmidlo (“rudder”)
• *kъrmačь, *kъrmьči, *kъrmьnikъ (agent nouns)
• *kъrmovъ, *kъrmьnъ

Related terms

• *černъ (“handle”) (probably)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old Ruthenian: корма́ (kormá)
    • Belarusian: карма́ (karmá)
    • Ukrainian: корма́ (kormá)
  • Russian: корма́ (kormá), dial. корна́ (korná)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: кръма (krŭma)

  • Bulgarian: кърма́ (kǎrmá) (standard); кръ́ма (krǎ́ma) (dialectal)
  • Macedonian: крма (krma)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: кр̏ма

    Latin script: kȑma

  • Slovene: kŕma (tonal orthography)

• Non-Slavic:
  • Romanian: cârmă

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kъrma I”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 220
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “корма́”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “кърма²¹”, in Български етимологичен речник (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 211

Etymology 2

Resultant noun of *kъrmiti (“to nourish”) +‎ *-a, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₃- (“to satiate”) (cf. Lithuanian pãšaras (“fodder”)) or *(s)kerH- (“to chop, to mince”) (cf. Latin carō (“flesh, meat”)). Possibly cognate with Old Irish cuirm (“beer”), Latin crāmum (“cream”).

Noun

*kъrmà f

1. nourishment, fodder

   → breast milk

Declension

Declension of *kъrma (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kъrma	*kъrmě	*kъrmy
genitive	*kъrmy	*kъrmu	*kъrmъ
dative	*kъrmě	*kъrmama	*kъrmamъ
accusative	*kъrmǫ	*kъrmě	*kъrmy
instrumental	*kъrmojǫ, *kъrmǫ**	*kъrmama	*kъrmami
locative	*kъrmě	*kъrmu	*kъrmasъ, *kъrmaxъ*
vocative	*kъrmo	*kъrmě	*kъrmy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *kъrmačę (epithet for a baby)

Related terms

• *kъrmъ, *kъrmľa (“food, forage”)
• *kъrmivo (“provisions”)
• *kъrmьnъ (“nourishing”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Russian: корма (korma) (dialectal)
  • Ukrainian: корма (korma) (dialectal)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: кръма (krŭma)

  • Bulgarian: кърма́ (kǎrmá)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: кр́ма

    Latin script: kŕma

  • Slovene: kŕma (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: krma (dialectal)
  • Polish: karma
  • Slovincian: korma
  • Slovak: krmě

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kъrma II”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 222
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “корм”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “кърма¹”, in Български етимологичен речник (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 211
• “šerti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė, 2007–2012