Wiktionary

User:Mårtensås/grammar

< User:Mårtensås

Proto-Norse grammar

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Legend

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  • C = consonant
  • V = vowel
  • * = reconstructed
  • Tr = transitional, post-Classic

Nominals

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Nouns

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a-stems

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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -aʀ[1], -ʀTr[2] *-ōʀ
Accusative -a[3] *-an, -aTr[4]
Dative -ē[5] *-umaʀ, -umʀTr[6]
Genitive -as[7] *-ō
  1. ^ ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (frawaradaʀ), ᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (þewaʀ), ᚨᛁᚦᚨᛚᚨᛏᚨᛉ (aiþalataʀ), ᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉ (wiwaʀ), ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (widuhudaʀ), ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ), ᚺᚨᚱᚲᛁᛚᚨᛉ (harkilaʀ), ᚺᚨᚷᛁᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (hagiradaʀ), ᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ (halaʀ), ᚺᚨᛞᚢᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ (hadulaikaʀ), ᚺᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉ (hraʀaʀ), ᚺᚱᛟᛉᚨᛉ (hroʀaʀ), ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉ (heldaʀ), ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ), ᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ (erafaʀ), ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ), ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (mariþeubaʀ), ᛚᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉ (laukaʀ), ᛚᛖᚢᚷᚨᛉ (leugaʀ), ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (owlþuþewaʀ)
  2. ^ ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉ (hᴀþuwulafʀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ (hᴀþuwolᴀfʀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ (hᴀriwolᴀfʀ)Tr
  3. ^ ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ (aʀina) ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ (staina), ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛡ (hᴀþuwolᴀfᴀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᚨ (hᴀriwulafa)Tr
  4. ^ ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ)Tr
  5. ^ ᚹᚨᚷᛖ (wage), ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁᛞᛖ (woduride)
  6. ^ ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ (hᴀborumʀ)Tr
  7. ^ ᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛊ (asugisalas), ᚲᛖᛚᛒᚨᚦᛖᚹᚨᛊ (kelbaþewas), ᚺᚾᚨᛒᚢᛞᚨᛊ (hnabudas)
Neuter
Singular Plural
Nominative -a[1] *-u
Accusative -a[2] *-u
Dative *-ē *-umaʀ
Genitive *-as *-ō
  1. ^ ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ (hlaiwa), ᛚᛁᚾᚨ (lina)
  2. ^ ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ (horna)
ja-stems
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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -jaʀ[1], (after long root) -īʀ[2] *-jōʀ
Accusative *-ja *-jan
Dative *-jē *-jumaʀ
Genitive *-jas *-jō
  1. ^ ᚱᚨᚢᚾᛁᛃᚨᛉ (raunijaʀ), ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ (holtijaʀ), ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawarijaʀ), ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (bidawarijaʀ), ᛚᚨᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (ladawarijaʀ)
  2. ^ ᚺᚱᛟᛉᛖᛉ (hroʀeʀ), ᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ (hᴀeruwulafiʀ)Tr
Neuter
Singular Plural
Nominative *-ja *-ju
Accusative -ja *-ju
Dative *-jē *-jumaʀ
Genitive *-jas *-jō

i-stems

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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -iʀ[1] *-īʀ
Accusative *-i *-in
Dative *-ī *-jumaʀ
Genitive ? *-jō
  1. ^ ᚨᛊᚢᚷᚨᛊᛞᛁᛉ (asugasdiʀ), ᚹᚨᚷᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (wagagastiʀ), ᚹᛁᚾᛁᛉ (winiʀ), ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (widugastiʀ), ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ), ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (naudigastiʀ), ᛊᚨᛚᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (saligastiʀ)

an-stems

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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -ā[1] *-anōʀ
Accusative *-an *-anō
Dative -an[2] *-anumaʀ
Genitive -an[3] *-anō
  1. ^ ᛟᛏᚨ (ota)
  2. ^ ᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ (witadahalaiban)
  3. ^ ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ (raïhan)
jan-stems
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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -jā[1] *-janōʀ
Accusative *-jan *-janō
Dative *-jan *-janumaʀ
Genitive *-jan -janō[2]
  1. ^ ᚷᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨ (gudija)
  2. ^ ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᛟ (arbijano)

ōn-stems

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jōn-stems
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ō-stems

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Feminine
Singular Plural
Nominative -u[1] *-ōʀ
Accusative -ō[2] -ōʀ[3], -aʀTr[4]
Dative *-ū *-umaʀ
Genitive -ōʀ[5] *-ō, -aTr[6]
  1. ^ ᛚᚨᚦᚢ (laþu)
  2. ^ ᛚᚨᚦᛟ (laþo), ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo)
  3. ^ ᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉ (runoʀ), ᚷᛁᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᛟᛦ (ginoronoʀ)Tr
  4. ^ ᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉ (runᴀʀ)Tr, ᚷᛁᚾᛡᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉ (ginᴀrunᴀʀ)Tr
  5. ^ ᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ (naboʀ)
  6. ^ ᚢᚦᛡᚱᛡᛒᛡ (uþᴀrᴀbᴀ)Tr

u-stems

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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative *-uʀ *-iwʀ
Accusative -u[1] *-un
Dative -iw[2] *-umaʀ
Genitive -ōʀ[3] *-iwō
  1. ^ ᛗᚨᚷᚢ (magu)
  2. ^ ᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ (kunimudiu)
  3. ^ ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉ (magoʀ)

Pronouns

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personal pronouns
first second third
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular plural
nominative eka[1], ek[2], -ka[3] *wit wīʀ *þū *jit *jīʀ *hānaʀ (see below)  *þaiʀ (see below)
accusative *mik *unkaʀ *uns *þik *inkwaʀ *iðwiʀ *hāninō *þã
genitive *mīna *unkara *unsara *þīna *inkwara *iðwara *hānas *þaiʀō
dative mēʀ[4] *unkaʀ *uns *þēʀ *inkwaʀ *iðwiʀ *hānumʀ *þaimaʀ
  1. ^ ᛖᚴᛡ (ekᴀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛖᚲ (ek)
  3. ^ -ᚴᛡ (-kᴀ)Tr
  4. ^ ᛗᛖᛉ (meʀ)
demonstrative pronoun
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative sa[1], saʀTr[2] *þaiʀ *sō *þaijōʀ, þaiaʀTr[3] þat *þau[n]
accusative *þanō *þã *þō *þaijōʀ þat[4] *þau[n]
genitive *þas *þaiʀō *þaiʀōʀ *þaiʀō *þas *þaiʀō
dative *þaimaʀ *þaimaʀ *þaiʀē *þaimaʀ *þwī *þaimaʀ
  1. ^ ᛋᛡ (sᴀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛋᛡᛦ (sᴀʀ)Tr
  3. ^ ᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ (þᴀiᴀʀ)Tr
  4. ^ ᚦᚨᛏ (þat), ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt)Tr

Adjectives

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Adjective classes are named after the stem used in the masculine nominative singular.

a-stem adjectives
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative *-aʀ *-ēʀ -u[1] *-ōʀ *-at *-u
accusative *-anō, -inō[2] *-an -ō[3] *-ōʀ *-at *-u
genitive -as[4] *-aʀō *-aʀōʀ *-aʀō *-as *-aʀō
dative *-umaʀ *-umaʀ *-aʀē *-umaʀ *-ū *-umaʀ
  1. ^ ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢ (leubu), ᛗᛁᚾᚢ (minu)
  2. ^ ᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ (minino)
  3. ^ ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚲᚢᛞᛟ (raginakudo)
  4. ^ ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊ (minas)

Verbs

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In order to clearly illustrate ablaut relations, an exemplary verb of each class has been chosen. Attested forms from the class, even if belonging to a different verb than the chosen one, are then not marked with a star.

Strong verbs

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Strong class 1: *wrītan 'to write'
infinitive *wrīt-an
present participle *wrīt-andʀ
past participle *writ-inaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular wrīt-u[1] wrait-a[2]
2nd singular *wrīt-iʀ(i) *wrais-t (*t-t > *s-t)
3rd singular *wrīt-ið(i) wrait[3]
1st plural *wrīt-um writ-um[4]
2nd plural ? *writ-uð
3rd plural ? *writ-un
subjunctive present past
1st singular *wrīt-ō *writ-ō
2nd singular *wrīt-ēʀ *writ-īʀ
3rd singular *wrīt-ē *writ-ī
1st plural *wrīt-ēm *writ-īm
2nd plural *wrīt-ēð *writ-īð
3rd plural *wrīt-ēn *writ-īn
imperative present
2nd singular *wrīt
2nd plural *wrīt-ið
  1. ^ ᚹᚨᚱᛁᛏᚢ (waritu)
  2. ^ ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨ (wraita)
  3. ^ ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏ (warᴀit)Tr
  4. ^ ᚹᚱᛁᛏᚢᛗ (writum)
Strong class 2: *breutan 'to break'
infinitive *breut-an
present participle *breut-andʀ
past participle *brot-inaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular *breut-u *braut-a
2nd singular *briut-iʀ(i), brȳt-ʀTr[1] *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t)
3rd singular briut-ið(i)[2], brȳt-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) *braut
1st plural *breut-um *brut-um
2nd plural ? *brut-uð
3rd plural ? *brut-un
subjunctive present past
1st singular *breut-ō *brut-ī
2nd singular *breut-ēʀ *brut-īʀ
3rd singular *breut-ē *brut-ō
1st plural *breut-ēm *brut-īm
2nd plural *breut-ēð *brut-īð
3rd plural *breut-ēn *brut-īn
imperative present
2nd singular *breut
2nd plural *briut-ið
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ)Tr
Strong class 3 (TODO)
infinitive *breut-an
present participle *breut-andʀ
past participle *brot-inaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular *breut-u *braut-a
2nd singular *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t)
3rd singular briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) *braut
1st plural *breut-um *brut-um
2nd plural ? *brut-uð
3rd plural ? *brut-un
subjunctive present past
1st singular *breut-ō *brut-ī
2nd singular *breut-ēʀ *brut-īʀ
3rd singular *breut-ē *brut-ī
1st plural *breut-ēm *brut-īm
2nd plural *breut-ēð *brut-īð
3rd plural *breut-ēn *brut-īn
imperative present
2nd singular *breut
2nd plural *briut-ið
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ)Tr
Strong class 4 (TODO)
infinitive *breut-an
present participle *breut-andʀ
past participle *brot-inaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular *breut-u *braut-a
2nd singular *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t)
3rd singular briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) *braut
1st plural *breut-um *brut-um
2nd plural ? *brut-uð
3rd plural ? *brut-un
subjunctive present past
1st singular *breut-ō *brut-ī
2nd singular *breut-ēʀ *brut-īʀ
3rd singular *CeuC-ē *CuC-ī
1st plural *breut-ēm *brut-īm
2nd plural *breut-ēð *brut-īð
3rd plural *breut-ēn *brut-īn
imperative present
2nd singular *breut
2nd plural *briut-ið
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ)Tr
Strong class 5 (TODO)
infinitive *breut-an
present participle *breut-andʀ
past participle *brot-inaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular *breut-u *braut-a
2nd singular *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t)
3rd singular briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) *braut
1st plural *breut-um *brut-um
2nd plural ? *brut-uð
3rd plural ? *brut-un
subjunctive present past
1st singular *breut-ō *brut-ī
2nd singular *breut-ēʀ *brut-īʀ
3rd singular *CeuC-ē *CuC-ī
1st plural *breut-ēm *brut-īm
2nd plural *breut-ēð *brut-īð
3rd plural *breut-ēn *brut-īn
imperative present
2nd singular *breut
2nd plural *briut-ið
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ)Tr
Strong class 6 (TODO)
infinitive *breut-an
present participle *breut-andʀ
past participle *brot-inaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular *breut-u *braut-a
2nd singular *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t)
3rd singular briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) *braut
1st plural *breut-um *brut-um
2nd plural ? *brut-uð
3rd plural ? *brut-un
subjunctive present past
1st singular *breut-ō *brut-ī
2nd singular *breut-ēʀ *brut-īʀ
3rd singular *CeuC-ē *CuC-ī
1st plural *breut-ēm *brut-īm
2nd plural *breut-ēð *brut-īð
3rd plural *breut-ēn *brut-īn
imperative present
2nd singular *breut
2nd plural *briut-ið
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ)Tr
Strong class 7 (TODO)
infinitive *breut-an
present participle *breut-andʀ
past participle *brot-inaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular *breut-u *braut-a
2nd singular *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t)
3rd singular briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) *braut
1st plural *breut-um *brut-um
2nd plural ? *brut-uð
3rd plural ? *brut-un
subjunctive present past
1st singular *breut-ō *brut-ī
2nd singular *breut-ēʀ *brut-īʀ
3rd singular *CeuC-ē *CuC-ī
1st plural *breut-ēm *brut-īm
2nd plural *breut-ēð *brut-īð
3rd plural *breut-ēn *brut-īn
imperative present
2nd singular *breut
2nd plural *briut-ið
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ)Tr

Weak verbs

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Weak class 1, short stem: *tawjan 'to make, prepare'
infinitive *taw-j-an
present participle *taw-j-andʀ
past participle *taw-iðaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular *taw-ī taw-i-ðō[1]
2nd singular *taw-īʀ(i) *taw-i-ðēʀ
3rd singular *taw-īþ(i) taw-i-ðē[2], *taw-i-ðai, *tau-ðēTr[3]
1st plural *taw-j-um *taw-i-ðum
2nd plural ? *taw-i-ðuð
3rd plural ? *taw-i-ðun
subjunctive present past
1st singular *taw-j-ō *taw-i-ðō
2nd singular *taw-j-ēʀ *taw-i-ðīʀ
3rd singular *taw-j-ē *taw-i-ðī
1st plural *taw-j-ēm *taw-i-ðīm
2nd plural *taw-j-ēð *taw-i-ðīð
3rd plural *taw-j-ēn *taw-i-ðīn
imperative present
2nd singular *tawī
2nd plural *taw-īþ
  1. ^ ᛊᚨᛏᛁᛞᛟ (satido), ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ (tawido)}
  2. ^ ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛖ (tawide)
  3. ^ ᛋᛡᛏᛖ (sᴀte)
Weak class 1, long stem: *raisijan 'to raise'
infinitive *rais-ij-an
present participle *rais-ij-andʀ
past participle rais-iðaʀ[1]
indicative present past
1st singular rais-ī[2] rais-i-ðō[3]
2nd singular *rais-īʀ(i) *rais-i-ðēʀ
3rd singular *rais-īþ(i) rais-i-ðē[4], rais-idai[5]
1st plural *rais-ij-um *rais-i-ðum
2nd plural ? *rais-i-ðuð
3rd plural ? rais-i-ðun[6]
subjunctive present past
1st singular *rais-ij-ō *rais-i-ðō
2nd singular *rais-ij-ēʀ *rais-i-ðīʀ
3rd singular *rais-ij-ē *rais-i-ðī
1st plural *rais-ij-ēm *rais-i-ðīm
2nd plural *rais-ij-ēð *rais-i-ðīð
3rd plural *rais-ij-ēn *rais-i-ðīn
imperative present
2nd singular *raisī
2nd plural *rais-īþ
  1. ^ ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᚨᛉ (hlaiwidaʀ)
  2. ^ ᚠᚨᚺᛁ (fahi)
  3. ^ ᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛟ (fahido), ᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ (faihido), ᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟ (rᴀisido), ᚺᛚᚨᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᛟ (hlaaiwido)
  4. ^ ᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛖ (fahide)
  5. ^ ᛏᚨᛚᚷᛁᛞᚨᛁ (talgidai)
  6. ^ ᛞᚨᛚᛁᛞᚢᚾ (dalidun)
Weak class 1, j-present: *wurkijan 'to work, make'
infinitive *wurk-ij-an
present participle *wurk-ij-andʀ
past participle *worh-taʀ
indicative present past
1st singular *wurk-ī worh-tō[1], wor-tō
2nd singular *wurk-īʀ(i) *worh-tēʀ, *wor-tēʀ
3rd singular *wurk-īþ(i) *worh-tē, wor-tē[2]
1st plural *wurk-ij-um *worh-tum
2nd plural ? *worh-tuð
3rd plural ? *worh-tun
subjunctive present past
1st singular *wurk-ij-ō *worh-tō
2nd singular *wurk-ij-ēʀ *worh-tīʀ
3rd singular *wurk-ij-ē *worh-tī
1st plural *wurk-ij-ēm *worh-tīm
2nd plural *wurk-ij-ēð *worh-tīð
3rd plural *wurk-ij-ēn *worh-tīn
imperative present
2nd singular *wurkī
2nd plural *wurk-īþ
  1. ^ ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto)
  2. ^ ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte), ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte)
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