trudno
Old Polish
editEtymology
editFrom trudny + -o. First attested in the beginning of the 15th century.
Pronunciation
editAdverb
edittrudno
- (attested in Lesser Poland) with difficulty
- Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie[1], Krakow, page 171b:
- Isczy gest gich (sc. darow) barszo uele, a prestocz trudno gest ge nam oszobno vyslouicz
- [Iżci jest jich (sc. darow) barzo wiele, a przeztoć trudno jest je nam osobno wysłowić]
- cruelly, mercilessly
- Synonym: trudnie
- Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa[2], page 651:
- Yako myly Cristus byl yąt y szvyązan bardzo trudno
- [Jako miły Krystus był jęt i związan bardzo trudno]
Related terms
editadjectives
adverbs
nouns
verbs
- trudzić impf
Descendants
editReferences
edit- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “trudno”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Polish trudno. By surface analysis, trudny + -o. Compare Russian тру́дно (trúdno).
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɔ/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɔ/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -udnɔ
- Syllabification: trud‧no
Adverb
edittrudno (comparative trudniej, superlative najtrudniej)
- hard, with difficulty [with dative ‘for whom’ and o (+ accusative) ‘to come by what/whom’]
Interjection
edittrudno
- (often with no) oh well, too bad; expresses acceptance of something unpleasant
- Synonym: cóż
- No trudno, będę musiała poprawić ten sprawdzian. ― Oh well, I'll have to retake that exam.
Derived terms
editinterjections
Related terms
editnouns
verbs
- trudzić impf
Trivia
editAccording to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), trudno is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 22 times in scientific texts, 5 times in news, 23 times in essays, 25 times in fiction, and 46 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 121 times, making it the 498th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
editFurther reading
edit- trudno in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- trudno in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “trudno”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- Małgorzata B. Majewska (18.02.2013) “TRUDNO”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “trudno”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “trudno”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “trudno”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 125
- trudno in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
Serbo-Croatian
editEtymology
editFrom trȗd.
Pronunciation
editAdverb
edittrȗdno (Cyrillic spelling тру̑дно)
References
edit- “trudno” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Silesian
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Polish trudno. By surface analysis, trudny + -o.
Pronunciation
editAdverb
edittrudno
- with difficulty
Further reading
edit- trudno in silling.org
Categories:
- Old Polish terms suffixed with -o
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish adverbs
- Lesser Poland Old Polish
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish terms suffixed with -o
- Polish 2-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/udnɔ
- Rhymes:Polish/udnɔ/2 syllables
- Polish lemmas
- Polish adverbs
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish interjections
- Polish manner adverbs
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian adverbs
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms suffixed with -o
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/udnɔ
- Rhymes:Silesian/udnɔ/2 syllables
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian adverbs