Old Polish edit

Etymology edit

From trudny +‎ -o. First attested in the beginning of the 15th century.

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /trudnɔ/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /trudnɔ/

Adverb edit

trudno

  1. with difficulty
  2. cruelly, mercilessly
    Synonym: trudnie

Related terms edit

adjectives
adverbs
nouns
verbs

Descendants edit

  • Polish: trudno
  • Silesian: trudno

References edit

Polish edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old Polish trudno. By surface analysis, trudny +‎ -o. Compare Russian тру́дно (trúdno).

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɔ/
  • (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɔ/
  • (file)
  • Rhymes: -udnɔ
  • Syllabification: trud‧no

Adverb edit

trudno (comparative trudniej, superlative najtrudniej)

  1. hard, with difficulty [+dative = for whom] [+ o (accusative) = to come by what/whom]
    Synonyms: ciężko, niełatwo, opornie
    Antonyms: łatwo, nietrudno
    Chlorek ołowiu jest trudno rozpuszczalny w wodzie.Lead chloride is poorly soluble in water.
    Trudno powiedzieć.It's hard to say.
    Naprawdę trudno tu o pracę.It's really hard to get a job here.

Interjection edit

trudno

  1. (often with no) oh well, too bad; expresses acceptance of something unpleasant
    Synonym: cóż
    No trudno, będę musiała poprawić ten sprawdzian.Oh well, I'll have to retake that exam.

Derived terms edit

interjections

Related terms edit

nouns
verbs

Trivia edit

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), trudno is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 22 times in scientific texts, 5 times in news, 23 times in essays, 25 times in fiction, and 46 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 121 times, making it the 498th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “trudno”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎[1] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 610

Further reading edit

  • trudno in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • trudno in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “trudno”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • Małgorzata B. Majewska (18.02.2013) “TRUDNO”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “trudno”, in Słownik języka polskiego[4]
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “trudno”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861[5]
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “trudno”, in Słownik języka polskiego[6] (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 125
  • trudno in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

Serbo-Croatian edit

Etymology edit

From trȗd.

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /trûːdno/
  • Hyphenation: trud‧no

Adverb edit

trȗdno (Cyrillic spelling тру̑дно)

  1. pregnantly

References edit

  • trudno” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Silesian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old Polish trudno. By surface analysis, trudny +‎ -o.

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /ˈtrudnɔ/
  • Rhymes: -udnɔ
  • Syllabification: trud‧no

Adverb edit

trudno

  1. with difficulty

Further reading edit