係

See also: 系

係	U+4FC2, 係 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FC2

← 俁
[U+4FC1]

CJK Unified Ideographs

促 →
[U+4FC3]

Translingual edit

Japanese	係
Simplified	系
Traditional	係

Han character edit

係 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人竹女火 (OHVF), four-corner 2229₃, composition ⿰亻系)

Derived characters edit

喺, 𦵠, 𨵺

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 104, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 663
Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 164, character 8
Unihan data for U+4FC2

Chinese edit

trad.		係
simp.		系^*

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 係

Shang

Western Zhou

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Small seal script**
s05880

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L20298	L35898	L35899	L35900	L35901

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (系) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
係	*keːɡs
系	*ɡeːɡs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *keːɡs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 系 (OC *ɡeːɡs).

The simplified form 系 also exists as a traditional character, and is also used to simplify 繫. In ancient times, 系, 係, and 繫 were usually interchangeable graphic variants, although in some compounds, only one form is acceptable (e.g. 世系 and 繋辭／繋辞).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xì (xi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hai⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hai⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): he

(Meixian, Guangdong): hê⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hē

(Teochew, Peng'im): hi⁶
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵shi; ⁶yi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xì
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sì
  - Wade–Giles: hsi⁴
  - Yale: syì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
  - Palladius: си (si)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hai⁶
  - Yale: haih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hei⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐi̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hai⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: he
  - Hakka Romanization System: he
  - Hagfa Pinyim: he⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /he⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hê⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /he⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
  - Tâi-lô: hē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: he
  - IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /he²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /he³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /he³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hi⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hi³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵shi; ⁶yi
  - MiniDict: shi^去; yi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²xi; ³hhi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕi³⁴/, /ɦi²³/

Middle Chinese: kejH

Rime
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古詣切
Baxter	kejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kei^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kei^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛj^H/
Li Rong	/kei^H/
Wang Li	/kiei^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kiei^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gai³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤek-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*keːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xì
Middle Chinese	‹ kej^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁek-s/
English	tie (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
No.	13426
Phonetic component	系
Rime group	賜
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	計
Old Chinese	/*keːɡs/

Definitions edit

係

to relate; to bear on
to tie; to bind
(formal or Cantonese, Hakka) to be (copula)
其母係北京人。／其母系北京人。 ― Qí mǔ xì Běijīngrén. ― His mother is a native of Beijing.

烏龍茶係茶嘅一種。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
乌龙茶系茶嘅一种。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
wu¹ lung^4-2 caa⁴ hai⁶ caa⁴ ge³ jat¹ zung². [Jyutping]
Oolong tea is a type of tea.
(Cantonese, Hakka) yes (as answer to a question)

Usage notes edit

(Cantonese) Not to be confused with 喺 (hai2).
(Cantonese, Hakka) 係／系 is used in vernacular contexts, while 是 (shì) is used in literary or formal contexts.

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 是 (“to be (+ noun)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		惟, 為, 乃
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		是, 係
Mandarin	Beijing	是
	Taiwan	是
	Tianjin	是
	Jinan	是
	Xi'an	是
	Wuhan	是
	Chengdu	是
	Guilin	是
	Yangzhou	是
	Hefei	是
	Malaysia	是
	Singapore	是
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	是
Cantonese	Guangzhou	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Macau	係
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	係
	Taishan	係
	Yangjiang	係
	Maoming (Xinpo)	係
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	是
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	係
	Penang (Guangfu)	係
	Singapore (Guangfu)	係
Gan	Nanchang	是
Hakka	Meixian	係
	Xingning	係
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	係
	Huidong (Daling)	係
	Wuhua (Meilin)	係
	Zijin	係
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	係
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	係
	Changting	係
	Wuping	係
	Wuping (Pingyu)	係
	Liancheng	係
	Ninghua	係
	Yudu	係
	Ruijin	係
	Shicheng	係
	Shangyou (Shexi)	係
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	係
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	係
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	係
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	係
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	係
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Kuching (Hepo)	係
	Singapore (Dabu)	係
Jin	Taiyuan	是
Northern Min	Jian'ou	是
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	是
Eastern Min	Singapore (Fuqing)	是
Southern Min	Xiamen	是
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	是
	Quanzhou	是
	Zhangzhou	是
	Dongshan	是
	Taipei	是
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	是
	Kaohsiung	是
	Yilan	是
	Changhua (Lukang)	是
	Taichung	是
	Tainan	是
	Hsinchu	是
	Kinmen	是
	Penghu (Magong)	是
	Penang (Hokkien)	是
	Singapore (Hokkien)	是
	Manila (Hokkien)	是
	Datian	是
	Chaozhou	是
	Shantou	是
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	是
	Jieyang	是
	Haifeng	是
	Singapore (Teochew)	是
	Leizhou	是
	Wenchang	是
	Qionghai	是
	Singapore (Hainanese)	是
Puxian Min	Putian	是
Puxian Min	Xianyou	是, 正是
Wu	Shanghai	是
	Shanghai (Chongming)	是
	Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)	是
	Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan)	是
	Shanghai (Jiading)	是
	Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong)	是
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	是
	Suzhou	是
	Suzhou (Wujiang)	是
	Wuxi	是
	Changshu	是
	Kunshan	是
	Taicang	是
	Qidong	是
	Haimen (Sijia)	是
	Jiaxing	是
	Jiashan	是
	Pinghu	是
	Haining (Yanguan)	是
	Tongxiang	是
	Haiyan	是
	Changzhou	是
	Liyang	是
	Jintan	是
	Yixing	是
	Danyang	是
	Jingjiang	是
	Jiangyin	是
	Gaochun	是
	Huzhou	是
	Changxing	是
	Anji (Ancheng)	是
	Hangzhou	是
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	是
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	是
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	是
	Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)	是
	Tonglu	是
	Tonglu (Wusheng)	是
	Shaoxing	是
	Zhuji	是
	Shengzhou	是
	Xinchang	是
	Ningbo	是
	Zhenhai	是
	Fenghua	是
	Yuyao	是
	Cixi	是
	Xiangshan	是
	Ninghai	是
	Zhoushan	是
	Tiantai	是
	Xianju	是
	Sanmen	是
	Wenzhou	是
	Yueqing	是
	Lishui	是
	Longquan	是
	Jinhua	是
	Yiwu	是
Xiang	Changsha	是
Xiang	Shuangfeng	是