ail

See also: ail-, -ail, àil, áil, -áil, and Äil

English edit

Pronunciation edit

(UK, US) IPA^(key): /eɪl/
Audio (Southern England) (file)
Rhymes: -eɪl
Homophone: ale

Etymology 1 edit

From Middle English eilen, from Old English eġlan, eġlian (“to trouble, afflict”), from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan, from Proto-Germanic *aglijaną (“to trouble, vex”), cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (agljan, “to distress”).

Verb edit

ail (third-person singular simple present ails, present participle ailing, simple past and past participle ailed)

(transitive) To cause to suffer; to trouble, afflict. (Now chiefly in interrogative or indefinite constructions.)
Have some chicken soup. It's good for what ails you.
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 21:17:
  What aileth thee, Hagar?
- 2011, “Connubial bliss in America”, in The Economist:
  Not content with having in 1996 put a Defence of Marriage Act (DOMA) on the statue book, Congress has now begun to hold hearings on a Respect for Marriage Act. Defended, respected: what could possibly ail marriage in America?
(intransitive) To be ill; to suffer; to be troubled.
- 1740, Samuel Richardson, Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded:
  When he ails ever so little […] he is so peevish.

Quotations edit

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ail.

Derived terms edit

ailsome

Translations edit

to cause to suffer

Arabic: عَذَّبَ (ʕaḏḏaba)
Bulgarian: боли (bg) (boli), безпокои (bg) (bezpokoi)
Czech: trápit (cs) impf
Dutch: schelen (nl), mankeren (nl)
Finnish: vaivata (fi)
French: manquer (fr), faillir (fr)
German: weh tun (de), plagen (de)
Italian: affliggere (it)
Portuguese: afligir (pt)
Russian: трево́жить (ru) (trevóžitʹ), беспоко́ить (ru) (bespokóitʹ)
Slovak: trápiť impf
Spanish: aquejar (es), afligir (es)

to be ill

Bulgarian: болен съм (bolen sǎm), неразположен съм (nerazpoložen sǎm)
Dutch: ziek zijn, iets mankeren, sukkelen (nl)
Finnish: sairastaa (fi)
French: être malade, souffrir (fr)
German: kränklich sein, leiden (de), krank sein, kränkeln (de)
Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (siukan)
Greek:
Ancient: νοσέω (noséō)
Latvian: sirgt (lv)
Portuguese: estar doente/aflito
Romanian: a boli impf
Russian: боле́ть (ru) (bolétʹ), недомога́ть (ru) (nedomogátʹ)
Spanish: padecer (es), adolecer (es)

Noun edit

ail (plural ails)

(obsolete) An ailment; trouble; illness.

Translations edit

An ailment; trouble; illness

Bulgarian: болка (bg) (bolka), болест (bg) (bolest)
Finnish: vaiva (fi)
German: Krankheit (de) f, Leiden (de) n
Latvian: liga (lv) f
Spanish: enfermedad (es) f

Etymology 2 edit

From Middle English eyle, eile, from Old English eġle (“hideous, loathsome, hateful, horrid, troublesome, grievous, painful”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aglus, “hard, difficult”).

Adjective edit

ail (comparative ailer or more ail, superlative ailest or most ail)

(obsolete) Painful; troublesome.

Etymology 3 edit

From Middle English eile, eyle, eiȝle, from Old English eġl (“an ail; awn; beard of barley; mote”), from Proto-Germanic *agilō (“awn”), related to *ahaz (“ear (of grain)”).^[1] Cognate with German Achel, Egel, Ägel.

Alternative forms edit

ile

Noun edit

ail (plural ails)

The awn of barley or other types of corn.

References edit

^ Friedrich Kluge (1883) “Achel”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

Anagrams edit

-ial, Ali, IAL, LIA, Lai, ali-, lai

Dalmatian edit

Alternative forms edit

alj, agl, aill

Etymology edit

From Latin allium.

Noun edit

ail

(Vegliot) garlic

References edit

Ive, A. (1886) “L'antico dialetto di Veglia [The old dialect of Veglia]”, in G. I. Ascoli, editor, Archivio glottologico italiano [Italian linguistic archive], volume 9, Rome: E. Loescher, pages 115–187

French edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old French, from Latin allium.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /aj/
Audio (Paris) (file)
Audio (file)
Homophones: aïe, aille, ailles, aillent, ails

Noun edit

ail m (plural ails or aulx)

garlic

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Haitian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Mauritian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
Moore: lay (from l’ail)

Anagrams edit

lai, lia

Irish edit

Alternative forms edit

oil

Etymology edit

From Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸales-, from Proto-Indo-European *pelis-, *pels- (“stone”).^[1]

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /alʲ/

Noun edit

ail f (genitive singular aileach, nominative plural aileacha or ailche)

stone, rock

Declension edit

Declension of ail

Fifth declension

Bare forms

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ail	aileacha
Vocative	a ail	a aileacha
Genitive	aileach	aileacha
Dative	ail	aileacha

Forms with the definite article

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	an ail	na haileacha
Genitive	na haileach	na n-aileacha
Dative	leis an ail don ail	leis na haileacha

Archaic plural: ailche

Derived terms edit

ail leachta, ail in úir (“headstone, monument”)

Related terms edit

aill
ailt

Mutation edit

Irish mutation
Radical	Eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ail	n-ail	hail	not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References edit

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fales-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

Middle English edit

Etymology 1 edit

Noun edit

ail

Alternative form of ale (“beer”)

Etymology 2 edit

Noun edit

ail

Alternative form of hayle (“hail”)

Norman edit

Etymology edit

From Old French, from Latin allium.

Noun edit

ail m (uncountable)

(Jersey) garlic

Old Irish edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /alʲ/

Etymology 1 edit

Possibly from Proto-Celtic *ɸalos, from Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), see also German Fels (“rock”).^[1]

The declension was not stable at the start of the Old Irish period, with a shift from an i-stem declension to a k-stem declension ongoing.

Noun edit

ail f (genitive ailech, nominative plural ailich)

Inflection edit

Feminine i-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ail	ail^L	aili^H
Vocative	ail	ail^L	aili^H
Accusative	ail^N	ail^L	aili^H
Genitive	alo^H, ala^H	alo^H, ala^H	aile^N
Dative	ail^L	ailib	ailib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: ^H = triggers aspiration ^L = triggers lenition ^N = triggers nasalization

Feminine k-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ail	ailich^L	ailich
Vocative	ail	ailich^L	ailchea
Accusative	ailich^N	ailich^L	ailchea
Genitive	ailech	ailech	ailech^N
Dative	ailich^L	ailchib	ailchib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: ^H = triggers aspiration ^L = triggers lenition ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants edit

Middle Irish: ail
- Irish: ail

Mutation edit

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ail	unchanged	n-ail
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Etymology 2 edit

Verb edit

·ail

third-person singular present indicative conjunct of ailid

Mutation edit

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
·ail	unchanged	·n-ail
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References edit

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fales-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

Scots edit

Etymology edit

From Middle English eilen, from Old English eġlan, eġlian (“to trouble, afflict”), from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /eːl/

Verb edit

ail (third-person singular simple present ails, present participle ailin, simple past ailt, past participle ailt)

to trouble, afflict (of body or mind)
to hinder, prevent
to be ill

References edit

“ail, v.” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.

Welsh edit

**Welsh numbers ^(edit)**
	20
← 1	2	3 → ^{[a], [b]}
Cardinal (masculine): dau Cardinal (feminine): dwy Ordinal: ail, eilfed Ordinal abbreviation: 2il Adverbial: dwywaith Multiplier: dwbl
Welsh Wikipedia article on 2

Alternative forms edit

2il (abbreviation)

Etymology edit

From Middle Welsh eil, from Proto-Brythonic *ėl, from Proto-Celtic *alyos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (“other”).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ai̯l/
Audio (file)
Homophone: ael (“eyebrow”) (South Wales)
Rhymes: -ai̯l

Adjective edit

ail (feminine singular ail, plural ail, not comparable) (precedes the noun, triggers soft mutation of all nouns)

(ordinal number) second
Synonym: eilfed

yr ail lawr ― the second floor

Derived terms edit

ail- (“re-”), eil- (“re-”)
eiliad (“a second”)
eilrif (“even number”)
heb ail (“second to none”)

Mutation edit

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ail	unchanged	unchanged	hail
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

[1] Friedrich Kluge (1883) “Achel”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fales-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

[3] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fales-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

[1]

[1]

[1]

ail

English edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

Verb edit

Quotations edit

Derived terms edit

Translations edit

Noun edit

Translations edit

Etymology 2 edit

Adjective edit

Etymology 3 edit

Alternative forms edit

Noun edit

References edit

Anagrams edit

Dalmatian edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Noun edit

References edit

French edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Further reading edit

Anagrams edit

Irish edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

Declension edit

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

Mutation edit

References edit

Further reading edit

Middle English edit

Etymology 1 edit

Noun edit

Etymology 2 edit

Noun edit

Norman edit

Etymology edit

Noun edit

Old Irish edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

Noun edit

Inflection edit

Descendants edit

Mutation edit

Etymology 2 edit

Verb edit

Mutation edit

References edit

Further reading edit

Scots edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

References edit

Welsh edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Adjective edit

Derived terms edit

Mutation edit