χθαμαλός
Ancient Greek
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰemelo-, from *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) (whence χθών (khthṓn), Sanskrit kṣam). Cognate with Latin humilis, Phrygian ζεμελως (zemelōs, “man”).
Same Proto-Indo-European root gave both the nouns for man and earth (Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm); compare Latin homō (“human being, man”) and humus (“ground, soil”), and similar semantic shift occurring in Semitic languages: Hebrew אָדָם (adám, “man”), אדמה (adamá, “soil”).
Pronunciation
edit- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kʰtʰa.ma.lós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /kʰtʰa.maˈlos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /xθa.maˈlos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /xθa.maˈlos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /xθa.maˈlos/
Adjective
editχθᾰμᾰλός • (khthamalós) m (feminine χθᾰμᾰλή, neuter χθᾰμᾰλόν); first/second declension
Inflection
editNumber | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | χθᾰμᾰλός khthamalós |
χθᾰμᾰλή khthamalḗ |
χθᾰμᾰλόν khthamalón |
χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ |
χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ khthamalā́ |
χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ |
χθᾰμᾰλοί khthamaloí |
χθᾰμᾰλαί khthamalaí |
χθᾰμᾰλᾰ́ khthamalá | |||||
Genitive | χθᾰμᾰλοῦ khthamaloû |
χθᾰμᾰλῆς khthamalês |
χθᾰμᾰλοῦ khthamaloû |
χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthamaloîn |
χθᾰμᾰλαῖν khthamalaîn |
χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthamaloîn |
χθᾰμᾰλῶν khthamalôn |
χθᾰμᾰλῶν khthamalôn |
χθᾰμᾰλῶν khthamalôn | |||||
Dative | χθᾰμᾰλῷ khthamalôi |
χθᾰμᾰλῇ khthamalêi |
χθᾰμᾰλῷ khthamalôi |
χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthamaloîn |
χθᾰμᾰλαῖν khthamalaîn |
χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthamaloîn |
χθᾰμᾰλοῖς khthamaloîs |
χθᾰμᾰλαῖς khthamalaîs |
χθᾰμᾰλοῖς khthamaloîs | |||||
Accusative | χθᾰμᾰλόν khthamalón |
χθᾰμᾰλήν khthamalḗn |
χθᾰμᾰλόν khthamalón |
χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ |
χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ khthamalā́ |
χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ |
χθᾰμᾰλούς khthamaloús |
χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ς khthamalā́s |
χθᾰμᾰλᾰ́ khthamalá | |||||
Vocative | χθᾰμᾰλέ khthamalé |
χθᾰμᾰλή khthamalḗ |
χθᾰμᾰλόν khthamalón |
χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ |
χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ khthamalā́ |
χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ |
χθᾰμᾰλοί khthamaloí |
χθᾰμᾰλαί khthamalaí |
χθᾰμᾰλᾰ́ khthamalá | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
χθᾰμᾰλῶς khthamalôs |
χθᾰμᾰλώτερος khthamalṓteros |
χθᾰμᾰλώτᾰτος khthamalṓtatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
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Further reading
edit- “χθαμαλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “χθαμαλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “χθαμαλός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- χθαμαλός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- χθαμαλός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963