دوزخ

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭣𐭥𐭱𐭧𐭥𐭩 (dušox, “hell”), from Old Iranian *daužaxva, from earlier *duš-ahw-a-, from Proto-Iranian *dušHáhuš (literally “bad existence”), a compound of *duš- (“bad”) +‎ *Háhuš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásuš (“life, existence, being”).

Cognates include Manichaean Middle Persian [script needed] (dwšx), [script needed] (dwšwx /⁠dušox⁠/), Middle Persian 𐬛𐬋𐬲𐬀𐬑 (dōžax), 𐬛𐬋𐬰𐬀𐬑 (dōzax), 𐬛𐬋𐬘𐬀𐬑 (dōjax), Manichaean Parthian [script needed] (dwjx /⁠dōžax⁠/), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬊𐬲𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (daožauua), 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎 (dužaŋhu), Pashto دوغښ (doǧaẍ), Northern Kurdish dojeh, Central Kurdish دۆژە (doje), Baluchi دوجک (dōǰak), دوژه (dōžē).

Compare Old Armenian դժոխ (džox, “hell”) and Georgian ჯოჯოხეთი (ǯoǯoxeti), Iranian borrowings.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [doː.zax]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪oː.zäx]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪oː.zäx]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪oː.zäx]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊː.zäx]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪uː.zæx]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ɵ.zäχ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dōzax
Dari reading?	dōzax
Iranian reading?	duzax
Tajik reading?	düzax

Noun

Dari	دوزخ
Iranian Persian
Tajik	дӯзах

دوزَخ • (duzax)

1. hell

   Synonym: جَهَنَّم (jahannam)

   Antonym: بِهِشْت (behešt)

Derived terms

• دوزخی (duzaxi)
• اهل دوزخ (ahl-e duzax)
• دوزخبان (duzaxbân)

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: duzəx
• → Baluchi: دوزخ (dózux)
• → Bengali: দোজখ (dōjokh)
• → Gurani: دۆزەخ (dōzax)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: दोज़ख़ (dozax)

  Urdu: دوزَخ (dozax)

• → Kazakh: дозақ (dozaq)
• → Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: دۆزەخ (dozex)

  Southern Kurdish: دووزەخ (dûzex)

• → Ottoman Turkish: دوزخ (dûzah)
• → Uyghur: دوزاخ (dozax)
• → Pashto: دوزخ (dōzax), دوږخ (doẓax)
• → Punjabi: ਦੋਜਖ (dojakh)
• → Turkmen: dowzah
• → Uzbek: doʻzax

References

• Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “دوزخ”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “dušox”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دوزخ (dôzax), derived from Middle Persian 𐭣𐭥𐭱𐭧𐭥𐭩 (dušox, “hell”), from Proto-Iranian *dušHahua (“hell”). Cognate with Bengali দোজখ (dōjokh), Old Hindi दोजग (dojaga), Gujarati દોજખ (dojakh) Punjabi ਦੋਜਖ (dojakh) / دوزَخ (dozax), Old Punjabi ਦੋਜਕੁ (dojaku), Pashto دوغښ (doǧaẍ), Baluchi دوجک (dōǰak) / دوږخ (doẓax), Chechen жоьжахати (žöžaxati), Azerbaijani duzəx, Gurani دۆزەخ (dōzax), Ushojo دوزخ (dōzax), Kazakh дозақ (dozaq), Central Kurdish دۆزەخ (dozex), Southern Kurdish دووزەخ (dûzex), Ottoman Turkish دوزخ (dûzah), Uyghur دوزاخ (dozax), Pashto دوزخ (dōzax) / دوږخ (doẓax), Turkmen dowzah, Uzbek doʻzax.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /d̪oː.zəx/

• Audio (Pakistan):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -əx
• Hyphenation: دو‧زَخ

Noun

دوزَخ • (dozax) m (Hindi spelling दोज़ख़)

1. (religion) hell, hellfire
2. (figurative) the stomach (especially one that is hungry), an empty stomach
3. (Islam) Nafs-e-Ammarah (the human inclination or ego towards sin)

Declension

Declension of دوزخ
	singular	plural
direct	دوزخ (dozax)	دوزخ (dozax)
oblique	دوزخ (dozax)	دوزخوں (dozaxō̃)
vocative	دوزخ (dozax)	دوزخو (dozaxō)

Derived terms

• دوزَخ بَھرْنا (dozax bharnā)
• دوزَخ پالْنا (dozax pālnā)

References

• “دوزخ”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “دوزخ”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.

Ushojo

Etymology

From Urdu دوزخ (dōzax).

Noun

دوزخ (dōzax)

1. hell, hellfire