عجم

Arabic

Etymology

From the root ع ج م (ʕ-j-m). The word عَجَم (ʕajam, “non-Arabs”) is from a pre-Islamic form أَعْجَم (ʔaʕjam), from the root ع ج م (ʕ-j-m), referring to people who speak unclearly (thus reflecting the same semantic evolution as Ancient Greek βάρβαρος (bárbaros, “barbarian”)).

Noun

عَجَم • (ʕajam) m (collective, singulative عَجَمِيّ m (ʕajamiyy), plural أَعْجَام (ʔaʕjām))

1. non-Arabs (as foreigners or barbarians)
2. (historical) Persians.

   Synonym: فُرْس (furs)

Usage notes

• The affective value attributed to the word depends on the point of view of the user, and the historical period. For example, it had a markedly negative connotation during the Umayyad period, whereas it was often quite positive in the Abbasid period, when Iranians had much political and social influence.

Declension

Declension of noun عَجَم (ʕajam)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَجَم ʕajam	الْعَجَم al-ʕajam	عَجَم ʕajam
Nominative	عَجَمٌ ʕajamun	الْعَجَمُ al-ʕajamu	عَجَمُ ʕajamu
Accusative	عَجَمًا ʕajaman	الْعَجَمَ al-ʕajama	عَجَمَ ʕajama
Genitive	عَجَمٍ ʕajamin	الْعَجَمِ al-ʕajami	عَجَمِ ʕajami
Singulative	basic singulative triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَجَمِي ʕajamī	الْعَجَمِي al-ʕajamī	عَجَمِي ʕajamī
Nominative	عَجَمِيٌّ ʕajamiyyun	الْعَجَمِيُّ al-ʕajamiyyu	عَجَمِيُّ ʕajamiyyu
Accusative	عَجَمِيًّا ʕajamiyyan	الْعَجَمِيَّ al-ʕajamiyya	عَجَمِيَّ ʕajamiyya
Genitive	عَجَمِيٍّ ʕajamiyyin	الْعَجَمِيِّ al-ʕajamiyyi	عَجَمِيِّ ʕajamiyyi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَجَمِيَّيْن ʕajamiyyayn	الْعَجَمِيَّيْن al-ʕajamiyyayn	عَجَمِيَّيْ ʕajamiyyay
Nominative	عَجَمِيَّانِ ʕajamiyyāni	الْعَجَمِيَّانِ al-ʕajamiyyāni	عَجَمِيَّا ʕajamiyyā
Accusative	عَجَمِيَّيْنِ ʕajamiyyayni	الْعَجَمِيَّيْنِ al-ʕajamiyyayni	عَجَمِيَّيْ ʕajamiyyay
Genitive	عَجَمِيَّيْنِ ʕajamiyyayni	الْعَجَمِيَّيْنِ al-ʕajamiyyayni	عَجَمِيَّيْ ʕajamiyyay
Paucal (3-10)	sound masculine paucal
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَجَمِيِّين ʕajamiyyīn	الْعَجَمِيِّين al-ʕajamiyyīn	عَجَمِيِّي ʕajamiyyī
Nominative	عَجَمِيُّونَ ʕajamiyyūna	الْعَجَمِيُّونَ al-ʕajamiyyūna	عَجَمِيُّو ʕajamiyyū
Accusative	عَجَمِيِّينَ ʕajamiyyīna	الْعَجَمِيِّينَ al-ʕajamiyyīna	عَجَمِيِّي ʕajamiyyī
Genitive	عَجَمِيِّينَ ʕajamiyyīna	الْعَجَمِيِّينَ al-ʕajamiyyīna	عَجَمِيِّي ʕajamiyyī
Plural of variety	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَعْجَام ʔaʕjām	الْأَعْجَام al-ʔaʕjām	أَعْجَام ʔaʕjām
Nominative	أَعْجَامٌ ʔaʕjāmun	الْأَعْجَامُ al-ʔaʕjāmu	أَعْجَامُ ʔaʕjāmu
Accusative	أَعْجَامًا ʔaʕjāman	الْأَعْجَامَ al-ʔaʕjāma	أَعْجَامَ ʔaʕjāma
Genitive	أَعْجَامٍ ʔaʕjāmin	الْأَعْجَامِ al-ʔaʕjāmi	أَعْجَامِ ʔaʕjāmi

Synonyms

• أَعْجَم (ʔaʕjam)

Antonyms

• عَرَب (ʕarab)

Related terms

• عَجَمِيّ (ʕajamiyy)
• إِعْجَام (ʔiʕjām, “dots added to letters to distinguish between them”)
• مُعْجَم (muʕjam, “dictionary”)
• عُجْمَة (ʕujma, “a confused and obscure way of speaking”)

Descendants

• Gulf Arabic: عَيَم (ʕayam)
• → Azerbaijani: əcəm
• → Chagatai: عجم
  • Uyghur: ئەجەم (ejem)
  • Uzbek: ajam
• → Middle Armenian: աճամ (ačam)
• → Persian: عجم ('ajam)
  • → Bengali: আজম (ajom)
  • → Gujarati: અજમ (ajam)
  • → Hindustani:

    Hindi: अजम (ajam)

    Urdu: عجم (ajam)

  • → Ottoman Turkish: عجم (acem)
    • Turkish: Acem
    • → Albanian: axhem
    • → Armenian: աճեմ (ačem), ա̈ջա̈մ (äǰäm)
  • → Pashto: عجم
• → Swahili: Uajemi, Mwajemi, Kiajemi

Verb

عَجَمَ • (ʕajama) I, non-past يَعْجُمُ‎ (yaʕjumu)

1. to bite, to chew
2. to try, to test

Conjugation

Conjugation of

عَجَمَ

(form-I sound, verbal noun عَجْم)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						عَجْم ʕajm
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						عَاجِم ʕājim
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَعْجُوم maʕjūm
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	عَجَمْتُ ʕajamtu	عَجَمْتَ ʕajamta	عَجَمَ ʕajama		عَجَمْتُمَا ʕajamtumā	عَجَمَا ʕajamā		عَجَمْنَا ʕajamnā	عَجَمْتُمْ ʕajamtum	عَجَمُوا ʕajamū
	f		عَجَمْتِ ʕajamti	عَجَمَتْ ʕajamat			عَجَمَتَا ʕajamatā			عَجَمْتُنَّ ʕajamtunna	عَجَمْنَ ʕajamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَعْجُمُ ʔaʕjumu	تَعْجُمُ taʕjumu	يَعْجُمُ yaʕjumu		تَعْجُمَانِ taʕjumāni	يَعْجُمَانِ yaʕjumāni		نَعْجُمُ naʕjumu	تَعْجُمُونَ taʕjumūna	يَعْجُمُونَ yaʕjumūna
	f		تَعْجُمِينَ taʕjumīna	تَعْجُمُ taʕjumu			تَعْجُمَانِ taʕjumāni			تَعْجُمْنَ taʕjumna	يَعْجُمْنَ yaʕjumna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَعْجُمَ ʔaʕjuma	تَعْجُمَ taʕjuma	يَعْجُمَ yaʕjuma		تَعْجُمَا taʕjumā	يَعْجُمَا yaʕjumā		نَعْجُمَ naʕjuma	تَعْجُمُوا taʕjumū	يَعْجُمُوا yaʕjumū
	f		تَعْجُمِي taʕjumī	تَعْجُمَ taʕjuma			تَعْجُمَا taʕjumā			تَعْجُمْنَ taʕjumna	يَعْجُمْنَ yaʕjumna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَعْجُمْ ʔaʕjum	تَعْجُمْ taʕjum	يَعْجُمْ yaʕjum		تَعْجُمَا taʕjumā	يَعْجُمَا yaʕjumā		نَعْجُمْ naʕjum	تَعْجُمُوا taʕjumū	يَعْجُمُوا yaʕjumū
	f		تَعْجُمِي taʕjumī	تَعْجُمْ taʕjum			تَعْجُمَا taʕjumā			تَعْجُمْنَ taʕjumna	يَعْجُمْنَ yaʕjumna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اُعْجُمْ uʕjum			اُعْجُمَا uʕjumā				اُعْجُمُوا uʕjumū
	f		اُعْجُمِي uʕjumī							اُعْجُمْنَ uʕjumna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	عُجِمْتُ ʕujimtu	عُجِمْتَ ʕujimta	عُجِمَ ʕujima		عُجِمْتُمَا ʕujimtumā	عُجِمَا ʕujimā		عُجِمْنَا ʕujimnā	عُجِمْتُمْ ʕujimtum	عُجِمُوا ʕujimū
	f		عُجِمْتِ ʕujimti	عُجِمَتْ ʕujimat			عُجِمَتَا ʕujimatā			عُجِمْتُنَّ ʕujimtunna	عُجِمْنَ ʕujimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُعْجَمُ ʔuʕjamu	تُعْجَمُ tuʕjamu	يُعْجَمُ yuʕjamu		تُعْجَمَانِ tuʕjamāni	يُعْجَمَانِ yuʕjamāni		نُعْجَمُ nuʕjamu	تُعْجَمُونَ tuʕjamūna	يُعْجَمُونَ yuʕjamūna
	f		تُعْجَمِينَ tuʕjamīna	تُعْجَمُ tuʕjamu			تُعْجَمَانِ tuʕjamāni			تُعْجَمْنَ tuʕjamna	يُعْجَمْنَ yuʕjamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُعْجَمَ ʔuʕjama	تُعْجَمَ tuʕjama	يُعْجَمَ yuʕjama		تُعْجَمَا tuʕjamā	يُعْجَمَا yuʕjamā		نُعْجَمَ nuʕjama	تُعْجَمُوا tuʕjamū	يُعْجَمُوا yuʕjamū
	f		تُعْجَمِي tuʕjamī	تُعْجَمَ tuʕjama			تُعْجَمَا tuʕjamā			تُعْجَمْنَ tuʕjamna	يُعْجَمْنَ yuʕjamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُعْجَمْ ʔuʕjam	تُعْجَمْ tuʕjam	يُعْجَمْ yuʕjam		تُعْجَمَا tuʕjamā	يُعْجَمَا yuʕjamā		نُعْجَمْ nuʕjam	تُعْجَمُوا tuʕjamū	يُعْجَمُوا yuʕjamū
	f		تُعْجَمِي tuʕjamī	تُعْجَمْ tuʕjam			تُعْجَمَا tuʕjamā			تُعْجَمْنَ tuʕjamna	يُعْجَمْنَ yuʕjamna

Verb

عَجَّمَ • (ʕajjama) II, non-past يُعَجِّمُ‎ (yuʕajjimu)

1. to point the text, to write distinguishing marks to it

Conjugation

Conjugation of

عَجَّمَ

(form-II sound)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَعْجِيم taʕjīm
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُعَجِّم muʕajjim
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُعَجَّم muʕajjam
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	عَجَّمْتُ ʕajjamtu	عَجَّمْتَ ʕajjamta	عَجَّمَ ʕajjama		عَجَّمْتُمَا ʕajjamtumā	عَجَّمَا ʕajjamā		عَجَّمْنَا ʕajjamnā	عَجَّمْتُمْ ʕajjamtum	عَجَّمُوا ʕajjamū
	f		عَجَّمْتِ ʕajjamti	عَجَّمَتْ ʕajjamat			عَجَّمَتَا ʕajjamatā			عَجَّمْتُنَّ ʕajjamtunna	عَجَّمْنَ ʕajjamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُعَجِّمُ ʔuʕajjimu	تُعَجِّمُ tuʕajjimu	يُعَجِّمُ yuʕajjimu		تُعَجِّمَانِ tuʕajjimāni	يُعَجِّمَانِ yuʕajjimāni		نُعَجِّمُ nuʕajjimu	تُعَجِّمُونَ tuʕajjimūna	يُعَجِّمُونَ yuʕajjimūna
	f		تُعَجِّمِينَ tuʕajjimīna	تُعَجِّمُ tuʕajjimu			تُعَجِّمَانِ tuʕajjimāni			تُعَجِّمْنَ tuʕajjimna	يُعَجِّمْنَ yuʕajjimna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُعَجِّمَ ʔuʕajjima	تُعَجِّمَ tuʕajjima	يُعَجِّمَ yuʕajjima		تُعَجِّمَا tuʕajjimā	يُعَجِّمَا yuʕajjimā		نُعَجِّمَ nuʕajjima	تُعَجِّمُوا tuʕajjimū	يُعَجِّمُوا yuʕajjimū
	f		تُعَجِّمِي tuʕajjimī	تُعَجِّمَ tuʕajjima			تُعَجِّمَا tuʕajjimā			تُعَجِّمْنَ tuʕajjimna	يُعَجِّمْنَ yuʕajjimna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُعَجِّمْ ʔuʕajjim	تُعَجِّمْ tuʕajjim	يُعَجِّمْ yuʕajjim		تُعَجِّمَا tuʕajjimā	يُعَجِّمَا yuʕajjimā		نُعَجِّمْ nuʕajjim	تُعَجِّمُوا tuʕajjimū	يُعَجِّمُوا yuʕajjimū
	f		تُعَجِّمِي tuʕajjimī	تُعَجِّمْ tuʕajjim			تُعَجِّمَا tuʕajjimā			تُعَجِّمْنَ tuʕajjimna	يُعَجِّمْنَ yuʕajjimna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		عَجِّمْ ʕajjim			عَجِّمَا ʕajjimā				عَجِّمُوا ʕajjimū
	f		عَجِّمِي ʕajjimī							عَجِّمْنَ ʕajjimna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	عُجِّمْتُ ʕujjimtu	عُجِّمْتَ ʕujjimta	عُجِّمَ ʕujjima		عُجِّمْتُمَا ʕujjimtumā	عُجِّمَا ʕujjimā		عُجِّمْنَا ʕujjimnā	عُجِّمْتُمْ ʕujjimtum	عُجِّمُوا ʕujjimū
	f		عُجِّمْتِ ʕujjimti	عُجِّمَتْ ʕujjimat			عُجِّمَتَا ʕujjimatā			عُجِّمْتُنَّ ʕujjimtunna	عُجِّمْنَ ʕujjimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُعَجَّمُ ʔuʕajjamu	تُعَجَّمُ tuʕajjamu	يُعَجَّمُ yuʕajjamu		تُعَجَّمَانِ tuʕajjamāni	يُعَجَّمَانِ yuʕajjamāni		نُعَجَّمُ nuʕajjamu	تُعَجَّمُونَ tuʕajjamūna	يُعَجَّمُونَ yuʕajjamūna
	f		تُعَجَّمِينَ tuʕajjamīna	تُعَجَّمُ tuʕajjamu			تُعَجَّمَانِ tuʕajjamāni			تُعَجَّمْنَ tuʕajjamna	يُعَجَّمْنَ yuʕajjamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُعَجَّمَ ʔuʕajjama	تُعَجَّمَ tuʕajjama	يُعَجَّمَ yuʕajjama		تُعَجَّمَا tuʕajjamā	يُعَجَّمَا yuʕajjamā		نُعَجَّمَ nuʕajjama	تُعَجَّمُوا tuʕajjamū	يُعَجَّمُوا yuʕajjamū
	f		تُعَجَّمِي tuʕajjamī	تُعَجَّمَ tuʕajjama			تُعَجَّمَا tuʕajjamā			تُعَجَّمْنَ tuʕajjamna	يُعَجَّمْنَ yuʕajjamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُعَجَّمْ ʔuʕajjam	تُعَجَّمْ tuʕajjam	يُعَجَّمْ yuʕajjam		تُعَجَّمَا tuʕajjamā	يُعَجَّمَا yuʕajjamā		نُعَجَّمْ nuʕajjam	تُعَجَّمُوا tuʕajjamū	يُعَجَّمُوا yuʕajjamū
	f		تُعَجَّمِي tuʕajjamī	تُعَجَّمْ tuʕajjam			تُعَجَّمَا tuʕajjamā			تُعَجَّمْنَ tuʕajjamna	يُعَجَّمْنَ yuʕajjamna

Noun

عَجْم • (ʕajm) m

1. verbal noun of عَجَمَ (ʕajama) (form I)

Declension

Declension of noun عَجْم (ʕajm)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَجْم ʕajm	الْعَجْم al-ʕajm	عَجْم ʕajm
Nominative	عَجْمٌ ʕajmun	الْعَجْمُ al-ʕajmu	عَجْمُ ʕajmu
Accusative	عَجْمًا ʕajman	الْعَجْمَ al-ʕajma	عَجْمَ ʕajma
Genitive	عَجْمٍ ʕajmin	الْعَجْمِ al-ʕajmi	عَجْمِ ʕajmi

Noun

عَجَم • (ʕajam) m (collective, singulative عَجَمَة f (ʕajama))

1. stones, kernels, pits, pips, fruit seeds

Declension

Declension of noun عَجَم (ʕajam)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَجَم ʕajam	الْعَجَم al-ʕajam	عَجَم ʕajam
Nominative	عَجَمٌ ʕajamun	الْعَجَمُ al-ʕajamu	عَجَمُ ʕajamu
Accusative	عَجَمًا ʕajaman	الْعَجَمَ al-ʕajama	عَجَمَ ʕajama
Genitive	عَجَمٍ ʕajamin	الْعَجَمِ al-ʕajami	عَجَمِ ʕajami
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَجَمَة ʕajama	الْعَجَمَة al-ʕajama	عَجَمَة ʕajamat
Nominative	عَجَمَةٌ ʕajamatun	الْعَجَمَةُ al-ʕajamatu	عَجَمَةُ ʕajamatu
Accusative	عَجَمَةً ʕajamatan	الْعَجَمَةَ al-ʕajamata	عَجَمَةَ ʕajamata
Genitive	عَجَمَةٍ ʕajamatin	الْعَجَمَةِ al-ʕajamati	عَجَمَةِ ʕajamati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَجَمَتَيْن ʕajamatayn	الْعَجَمَتَيْن al-ʕajamatayn	عَجَمَتَيْ ʕajamatay
Nominative	عَجَمَتَانِ ʕajamatāni	الْعَجَمَتَانِ al-ʕajamatāni	عَجَمَتَا ʕajamatā
Accusative	عَجَمَتَيْنِ ʕajamatayni	الْعَجَمَتَيْنِ al-ʕajamatayni	عَجَمَتَيْ ʕajamatay
Genitive	عَجَمَتَيْنِ ʕajamatayni	الْعَجَمَتَيْنِ al-ʕajamatayni	عَجَمَتَيْ ʕajamatay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	عَجَمَات ʕajamāt	الْعَجَمَات al-ʕajamāt	عَجَمَات ʕajamāt
Nominative	عَجَمَاتٌ ʕajamātun	الْعَجَمَاتُ al-ʕajamātu	عَجَمَاتُ ʕajamātu
Accusative	عَجَمَاتٍ ʕajamātin	الْعَجَمَاتِ al-ʕajamāti	عَجَمَاتِ ʕajamāti
Genitive	عَجَمَاتٍ ʕajamātin	الْعَجَمَاتِ al-ʕajamāti	عَجَمَاتِ ʕajamāti

References

• Gabrieli, F. (1986) “ʿAdjam”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., vol. I, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 206

Azerbaijani

Noun

عجم

1. Arabic spelling of əcəm

Proper noun

عجم

1. Arabic spelling of Əcəm

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian عَجَم sg (ʿajam /⁠ʾajam⁠/, “an Ajam, a Persian”), from Arabic اَلْعَجَمُ m (al-ʕajamu, “the Ajams, the Persians”, definite nominative collective), which is related to أَعْجَمٌ m sg (ʔaʕjamun, indefinite nominative adjective).

Noun

عجم • (Acem)

1. an Ajam, a Persian

Descendants

• Turkish: Acem
• → Albanian: axhem
• → Armenian: աճեմ (ačem), ա̈ջա̈մ (äǰäm)

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic عَجَم (ʕajam, “non-Arab, Persian”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ʔa.d͡ʒam]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔä.d͡ʒäm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔä.d͡ʒäm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʔä.d͡ʒäm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʔä.d͡ʒäm]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔæ.d͡ʒæm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔä.d͡ʒäm]

Readings
Classical reading?	ajam
Dari reading?	ajam
Iranian reading?	ajam
Tajik reading?	ajam

Noun

عجم • ('ajam)

1. Persian; Iranian; Ajam

Proper noun

عجم • ('ajam)

1. Iran; Persia

   Synonym: ایران (irân)

   • c. 1010, Abū'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, شاهنامه [Shāhnāma]:

     بسی رنج بردم در این سال سی
     عجم زنده کردم بدین پارسی

     basê ranj burdam dar în sâl sî
     ajam zinda kardam bad-în pârsî

     Much toil have I borne in these thirty years,
     I have revived Persia with this Persian [work].

     (Classical Persian transliteration)

   • c. 1542, Jamālī Dihlawī, مثنوی مهر و ماه [Masnavī-yi mihr u māh]:

     ز بعد مکه سیرم در عجم بود
     ولی بی هند خاطر می نیاسود

     ze ba'd-i makka sayr-am dar ajam bûd
     walî bê hind xâtir mê nay-âsûd

     After Mecca, my journey was in Iran
     But without India, my heart found no rest.

     (Classical Persian transliteration)

Descendants

• → Bengali: আজম (ajom)
• → Gujarati: અજમ (ajam)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: अजम (ajam)

  Urdu: عجم (ajam)

• → Ottoman Turkish: عجم (acem)
  • Turkish: Acem
  • → Albanian: axhem
  • → Armenian: աճեմ (ačem), ա̈ջա̈մ (äǰäm)
• → Pashto: عجم