働く
Japanese edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
働 |
はたら Grade: 4 |
kun’yomi |
Etymology edit
Most likely derived ultimately from a mimetic word はた (hata, adverb, referring to the sound of objects bumping together),[1] in turn possibly cognate with 旗 (hata, “flag”, from the sound of a flag flapping)[2] and 機 (hata, “a loom”, from the sound of the shuttle or the workings of the batten).
Compare also adverb はたはた (hatahata, “working diligently”), verb はためく (hatameku, “to flutter, flap, flicker, whip”).
First cited in the late 900s, with the sense of "to move one's body".[3]
Pronunciation edit
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "働く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
働く | はたらく | [hàtárákú] |
Imperative (命令形) | 働け | はたらけ | [hàtáráké] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 働かれる | はたらかれる | [hàtárákárérú] |
Causative | 働かせる | はたらかせる | [hàtárákásérú] |
Potential | 働ける | はたらける | [hàtárákérú] |
Volitional | 働こう | はたらこー | [hàtárákóꜜò] |
Negative | 働かない | はたらかない | [hàtárákánáí] |
Negative perfective | 働かなかった | はたらかなかった | [hàtárákánáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 働きます | はたらきます | [hàtárákímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 働いた | はたらいた | [hàtáráítá] |
Conjunctive | 働いて | はたらいて | [hàtáráíté] |
Hypothetical conditional | 働けば | はたらけば | [hàtárákéꜜbà] |
Verb edit
働く • (hataraku) intransitive godan (stem 働き (hataraki), past 働いた (hataraita))
- [from 1212] to work at a job, to labour
- [from mid-1600s] to work properly, to operate, to function; to carry out one's function, to be effective, to come into play
- [from 1665] (transitive) to perpetrate or commit a crime
- [from 1769] (grammar) to conjugate; to inflect; to decline
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of "働く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 働か | はたらか | hataraka |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 働き | はたらき | hataraki |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 働く | はたらく | hataraku |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 働く | はたらく | hataraku |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 働け | はたらけ | hatarake |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 働け | はたらけ | hatarake |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 働かれる | はたらかれる | hatarakareru |
Causative | 働かせる 働かす |
はたらかせる はたらかす |
hatarakaseru hatarakasu |
Potential | 働ける | はたらける | hatarakeru |
Volitional | 働こう | はたらこう | hatarakō |
Negative | 働かない | はたらかない | hatarakanai |
Negative continuative | 働かず | はたらかず | hatarakazu |
Formal | 働きます | はたらきます | hatarakimasu |
Perfective | 働いた | はたらいた | hataraita |
Conjunctive | 働いて | はたらいて | hataraite |
Hypothetical conditional | 働けば | はたらけば | hatarakeba |
References edit
- ^ 働く/はたらく - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
- ^ “旗・幡・旌”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ “働”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.