Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m/s-glak ~ m-glaŋ

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

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Etymology

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  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *gljang (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m/s-glak ⪤ *m-glaŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *graŋ (Benedict, 1972); *grɑŋ (Chou, 1972); *graŋ ⪤ glaŋ ⪤ m/ʔ-glak (Matisoff, 2003)

→ Also, compare the following word family in Chinese, of unknown origin:

B-S ZS Def.
(bīng) /*p.rəŋ/ > (dial.) /*pr-/ /*p-ŋrɯŋ/ "ice"
(níng) /*ŋ(r)əŋ/ < uvular? /*ŋrɯŋ/ "to freeze, to form; ice"
/*p.rəŋ/ /*rɯŋ/ "ice"

Adjective

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*s-glak ~ m-glaŋ

  1. cold
  2. freeze

Descendants

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  • Old Chinese: /*raŋ/ (root)
    (*C.raŋ, *C.raŋ-s (B-S); *g·raŋ, *g·raŋ-s (ZS), cold; light, weak)
    (vocalic variant) (*(g-)raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ (ZS), cold)
    (s-noun) (*sraŋ (B-S; ZS), hoarfrost)
    • Middle Chinese: (lɨɐŋ, lɨɐŋH), (lɣæŋX, leŋ, leŋX), (ʃɨɐŋ)

      Vietnamese: lạnh ("cold")
      Vietnamese: sương ("dew")

      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing:
          (liáng, /li̯ɑŋ³⁵/) ("cool")
          (liàng) (liàng, /li̯ɑŋ⁵¹/) ("to make ... cold, to make ... dry")
          (lěng, /lɤŋ²¹⁴/) ("cold")
          (shuāng) (shuāng, /ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/) ("frost")
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
          • Written Tibetan: གྲང་བ (grang ba, cold, cool, to get cold), ཁྱགས་པ (khyags pa, cold, frozen, ice, frost)
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi

See also

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  • *kjam (cold, snow, ice)