Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrawaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxrɑ.wɑz/

Adjective

*hrawaz

raw, uncooked

Inflection

Declension of *hrawaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*hrawaz	*hrawai	*hrawō	*hrawôz	*hrawą, -atō	*hrawō
Accusative	*hrawanǭ	*hrawanz	*hrawǭ	*hrawōz	*hrawą, -atō	*hrawō
Genitive	*hrawas, -is	*hrawaizǫ̂	*hrawaizōz	*hrawaizǫ̂	*hrawas, -is	*hrawaizǫ̂
Dative	*hrawammai	*hrawaimaz	*hrawaizōi	*hrawaimaz	*hrawammai	*hrawaimaz
Instrumental	*hrawanō	*hrawaimiz	*hrawaizō	*hrawaimiz	*hrawanō	*hrawaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*hrawô	*hrawaniz	*hrawǭ	*hrawōniz	*hrawô	*hrawōnō
Accusative	*hrawanų	*hrawanunz	*hrawōnų	*hrawōnunz	*hrawô	*hrawōnō
Genitive	*hrawiniz	*hrawanǫ̂	*hrawōniz	*hrawōnǫ̂	*hrawiniz	*hrawanǫ̂
Dative	*hrawini	*hrawammaz	*hrawōni	*hrawōmaz	*hrawini	*hrawammaz
Instrumental	*hrawinē	*hrawammiz	*hrawōnē	*hrawōmiz	*hrawinē	*hrawammiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hrau
- Old English: hrēaw, hrǣw
  - Middle English: rawe, raw, rau, rauȝ, raugh, rae, ra, rowe
    - English: raw
    - Scots: raw
- Old Frisian: *hrā, *hrē
  - Saterland Frisian: räi
  - West Frisian: rau
- Old Saxon: hrāo
  - Middle Low German: rō
- Old Dutch: *rao, *rō
  - Middle Dutch: roo, rou, raeu
    - Dutch: rauw
      - Afrikaans: rou
- Old High German: rō, hrō, rao, rāo
  - Middle High German: rō, rōch, rou, rā
    - Central Franconian: rüh, rieh, reh
      - Luxembourgish: réi
    - German: roh
    - Yiddish: רוי (roy)
Old Norse: hrár
- Icelandic: hrár
- Faroese: ráur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: rå
- Norwegian Bokmål: rå
- Elfdalian: rå
- Old Swedish: rār
  - Swedish: rå
- Old Danish: rā
  - Danish: rå
  - Scanian: aráer
- Gutnish: råar
→ Proto-Finnic: *raaka
- Estonian: raag-
  - ⇒ Estonian: raagnahk
- Finnish: raaka^[1]

^ Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, Germanic Verschärfung, in Historical Linguistics, 1987: Papers from the 8th International Conference (discusses *hrawaz, its PIE etymon *krewh₂- which it notates *kreu̯h₂-, the OE and OS and ON descendants, and the borrowing by Finnish - "the Finnish loanword raaka "raw" has a long /ā/ and appears to have been borrowed from a Northwest Germanic form [of PGmc. *hrawaz]")

[1] Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, Germanic Verschärfung, in Historical Linguistics, 1987: Papers from the 8th International Conference (discusses *hrawaz, its PIE etymon *krewh₂- which it notates *kreu̯h₂-, the OE and OS and ON descendants, and the borrowing by Finnish - "the Finnish loanword raaka "raw" has a long /ā/ and appears to have been borrowed from a Northwest Germanic form [of PGmc. *hrawaz]")

[1]