Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kuningaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*kunungaz

Etymology

From *kunją +‎ *-ingaz, 'someone of the family'.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈku.niŋ.ɡɑz/

Noun

*kuningaz m

king

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *kuningaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kuningaz	kuningōz, kuningōs
vocative	*kuning	kuningōz, kuningōs
accusative	*kuningą	*kuninganz
genitive	kuningas, kuningis	*kuningǫ̂
dative	*kuningai	*kuningamaz
instrumental	*kuningō	*kuningamiz

Related terms

*kuningǭ

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kuning
- Old English: cyning, cyng, cyneg, cynig, cuning, kyning, kining, kuning, cyncg, cyngc, kyningc; kung — Northumbrian
  - Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic); gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)); knyng (transmission error); chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
    - English: king (see there for further descendants)
    - Scots: keeng, king
    - Yola: kinge, king
  - → English: cyning (learned)
- Old Frisian: kening, kining, kinig, keneng, koning
  - North Frisian: köning, könning, käning
  - Saterland Frisian: Kening
  - West Frisian: kening
- Old Saxon: kuning
  - Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig
    - Low German:
      - Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning
      - German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig
        Plautdietsch: Kjennich
    - → Latgalian: kieneņš
    - → Latvian: ķēniņš
    - → Saterland Frisian: König, Köänig
    - → West Frisian: keuning
- Old Dutch: kuning, cunig
  - Middle Dutch: cōninc
    - Dutch: koning
      - Afrikaans: koning
      - Negerhollands: koning, kiniṅ
      - → Mohegan-Pequot: kunnung
      - → Sranan Tongo: kownu
        → Lokono: kónoe
        → Aukan: konu
        → Kari'na: konu
    - Limburgish: keuning
- Old High German: kuning, cuning, chuninc, chuning, khuninc
  - Middle High German: künic, künec
    - Alemannic German: Künig, Chüng, Keenig
    - Bavarian: Kine, Kini, Kenig, Kineng
    - Central Franconian: Kinnik, Künning, Künnik
    - Cimbrian: khuuneg
    - German: König
    - Luxembourgish: Kinnek
    - Rhine Franconian:
      Pennsylvania German: Keenich
    - Vilamovian: kyng
    - Yiddish: קיניג (kinig), קעניג (kenig)
Old Norse: konungr, kongr — later form; ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛁ (kunuki) — dative singular; ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛋ (kunuks) — genitive singular; ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛅᛦ (kunukaʀ), ᚴᚢᚿᚢᚴᛆᛧ (kunukaʀ) — nominative plural
- Icelandic: konungur, kóngur
- Faroese: kongur, konungur
- Norn: konung
- Norwegian Nynorsk: konge, kong, konung; (dialectal) kung
- Jamtish: kung
- Elfdalian: kunungg
- Old Swedish: konunger, kununger, kunger
  - Swedish: konung, kung, kong
- Old Danish: kung, konung
  - Scanian: káng
  - Danish: konge, kong, konning
    - Norwegian Bokmål: konge
    - → Greenlandic: kunngi
- Old Gutnish: kunungr
  - Gutnish: kuningg, kungg
→ Lithuanian: kunigas, kuningas, kunigaikštis
→ Latvian: kungs
→ Proto-Finnic: *kuningas (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Samic: *konëŋkēs (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Slavic: *kъnędzь (see there for further descendants)