Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stammijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

The causative to an unattested strong verb *stimmaną, ^[1] ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *stem (“to stutter, push”), also Latvian stumt (“to pull, push”).^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstɑm.mi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stammijaną^[1]

to cause to slow, stop

Inflection

Conjugation of *stammijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*stammijō	*stammijaų	—	*stammijai	?
2nd singular	*stammīsi	*stammijais	*stammī	*stammijasai	*stammijaisau
3rd singular	*stammīþi	*stammijai	*stammijaþau	*stammijaþai	*stammijaiþau
1st dual	*stammijōs	*stammijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stammijaþiz	*stammijaiþiz	*stammijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*stammijamaz	*stammijaim	—	*stammijanþai	*stammijainþau
2nd plural	*stammīþ	*stammijaiþ	*stammīþ	*stammijanþai	*stammijainþau
3rd plural	*stammijanþi	*stammijain	*stammijanþau	*stammijanþai	*stammijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stammidǭ	*stammidēdį̄
2nd singular	*stammidēz	*stammidēdīz
3rd singular	*stammidē	*stammidēdī
1st dual	*stammidēdū	*stammidēdīw
2nd dual	*stammidēdudiz	*stammidēdīdiz
1st plural	*stammidēdum	*stammidēdīm
2nd plural	*stammidēdud	*stammidēdīd
3rd plural	*stammidēdun	*stammidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*stammijandz	*stammidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *stammijan
- Old English: *stemman
  - Middle English: stemmen
    - English: stem
  - ⇒ Old English: forstemman
- Old Saxon: *stemmian
  - Middle Low German: stemmen
- Old Dutch: *stemmen
  - Middle Dutch: stemmen
    - Dutch: stemmen
- Old High German: *stemmen
  - Middle High German: stemmen
    - German: stemmen
Old Norse: stemma
- Icelandic: stemma
- Faroese: stemma
- Old Swedish: stæmma
  - Swedish: stämma
- Old Danish: stæmmæ
  - Danish: stæmme, stemme

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stamma-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 473: “stammjan-”
^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “stem”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stamma-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 473: “stammjan-”

[2] Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “stem”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

[1]

[2]